Table 2.

Results of LMM showing fixed effects on fetal growth outcomes

Fixed effect variables	Biparietal diameter (cm)
	M1			M2
	Coefficient	95% CI	p valuea	Coefficient	95% CI	p valuea
Fetal sex
Male	Ref			Ref
Female	−0.12	[−0.18, −0.05]	<0.001	−0.12	[−0.18, −0.05]	<0.001
Maternal diet pattern score
Mixed, high sugar pattern	0.03	[0.01, 0.05]	0.005	0.03	[0.01, 0.05]	0.007
BMI, kg/m2				0.00	[−0.00, 0.01]	0.405
GWG, kg/week				0.08	[−0.08, 0.25]	0.315
	Femur length (cm)
	M1			M2
	Coefficient	95% CI	p valuea	Coefficient	95% CI	p valuea
Fetal sex
Male	Ref			Ref
Female	−0.01	[−0.06, 0.05]	0.729	−0.01	[−0.07, 0.04]	0.598
Maternal diet pattern score
Mixed, high sugar pattern	0.02	[0.01, 0.04]	0.009	0.02	[0.00, 0.04]	0.015
BMI, kg/m2				0.01	[0.00, 0.01]	0.007
GWG, kg/week				0.11	[−0.03, 0.24]	0.129
	Abdominal circumference (cm)
	M1			M2
	Coefficient	95% CI	p valuea	Coefficient	95% CI	p valuea
Fetal sex
Male	Ref			Ref
Female	−0.32	[−0.56, −0.08]	0.009	−0.34	[−0.58, −0.10]	0.005
Maternal diet pattern score
Mixed, high sugar pattern	0.09	[0.02, 0.16]	0.016	0.08	[0.00, 0.15]	0.038
BMI, kg/m2				0.03	[0.01, 0.05]	0.011
GWG, kg/week				0.82	[0.23, 1.41]	0.007
	Head circumference (cm)
	M1			M2
	Coefficient	95% CI	p valuea	Coefficient	95% CI	p valuea
Fetal sex
Male	Ref			Ref
Female	−0.47	[−0.67, −0.28]	<0.001	−0.48	[−0.68, −0.28]	<0.001
Maternal diet pattern score
Mixed, high sugar pattern	0.07	[0.01, 0.13]	0.021	0.07	[0.01, 0.13]	0.026
BMI, kg/m2				0.01	[−0.01, 0.03]	0.185
GWG, kg/week				0.15	[−0.38, 0.65]	0.569

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GWG, gestational weight gain; LMM, linear mixed modelling.

^aSignificant results are presented in bold (p < .05).