Table 1.
Patient characteristics of the Gulf CARE cohort stratified by diabetes mellitus (DM) (N = 4577)
| Characteristic, n (%) unless specified otherwise | All (N = 4577) | DM | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 2319) | Yes (n = 2258) | |||
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, mean ± SD, years | 59 ± 15 | 55 ± 17 | 63 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Male gender | 2887 (63%) | 1525 (66%) | 1362 (60%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 1020 (22%) | 607 (26%) | 413 (18%) | <0.001 |
| Khatt | 849 (19%) | 639 (28%) | 210 (9.3%) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol | 163 (3.6%) | 96 (4.1%) | 67 (3.0%) | 0.032 |
| BMI, mean ± SD, kg/m2 | 28 ± 6 | 27 ± 6 | 30 ± 7 | <0.001 |
| Medical history | ||||
| CAD | 2762 (60%) | 1104 (48%) | 1658 (73%) | <0.001 |
| PVD | 201 (4.4%) | 38 (1.6%) | 163 (7.2%) | <0.001 |
| Afib | 559 (12%) | 285 (12%) | 274 (12%) | 0.873 |
| Stroke/TIA | 370 (8.1%) | 116 (5.0%) | 254 (11%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 2783 (61%) | 940 (41%) | 1843 (82%) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 1646 (36%) | 418 (18%) | 1228 (54%) | <0.001 |
| CKD/dialysis | 670 (15%) | 145 (6.3%) | 525 (23%) | <0.001 |
| Sleep apnoea with therapy | 90 (2.0%) | 18 (0.8%) | 72 (3.2%) | <0.001 |
| Vulvular heart disease | 644 (14%) | 398 (17%) | 246 (11%) | <0.001 |
| Clinical presentation | ||||
| Dyspnoea | 4484 (98%) | 2270 (98%) | 2214 (98%) | 0.694 |
| Orthopnoea | 3609 (79%) | 1849 (80%) | 1760 (78%) | 0.139 |
| Abd/lower limb swelling | 2054 (45%) | 1077 (46%) | 977 (43%) | 0.031 |
| Weight gain | 1225 (27%) | 703 (30%) | 522 (23%) | <0.001 |
| Chest pain | 2045 (45%) | 1013 (44%) | 1032 (46%) | 0.169 |
| Palpitation | 1427 (31%) | 858 (37%) | 569 (25%) | <0.001 |
| Easy fatiguability | 2605 (57%) | 1416 (61%) | 1189 (53%) | <0.001 |
| Ascites | 653 (14%) | 370 (16%) | 283 (13%) | 0.001 |
| Enlarged tender liver | 1244 (27%) | 870 (38%) | 374 (17%) | <0.001 |
| Gallop | 1730 (38%) | 1014 (44%) | 716 (32%) | <0.001 |
| Basal lung crepitations | 4217 (92%) | 2138 (92%) | 2079 (92%) | 0.878 |
| BG, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 9.7 ± 5.8 | 7.0 ± 3.1 | 12.6 ± 6.6 | <0.001 |
| Crea, mean ± SD, μmol/L | 130 ± 116 | 117 ± 107 | 143 ± 124 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mean ± SD, mmHg | 137 ± 34 | 132 ± 33 | 142 ± 33 | <0.001 |
| Signs of pleural effusion | 843 (18%) | 489 (21%) | 354 (16%) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure type | ||||
| AHF | 2047 (45%) | 1147 (49%) | 900 (40%) | <0.001 |
| ADCHF | 2530 (55%) | 1172 (51%) | 1358 (60%) | |
| ECG | ||||
| Sinus status | 0.003 | |||
| Sinus rhythm | 3749 (82%) | 1858 (80%) | 1891 (84%) | |
| Afib/flutter | 628 (14%) | 358 (15%) | 270 (12%) | |
| CHB | 49 (1.1%) | 30 (1.3%) | 19 (0.8%) | |
| Paced | 68 (1.5%) | 27 (1.2%) | 41 (1.8%) | |
| SVT | 26 (0.6%) | 14 (0.6%) | 12 (0.5%) | |
| Others | 57 (1.3%) | 32 (1.4%) | 25 (1.1%) | |
| LV hypertrophy | 1434 (31%) | 737 (32%) | 697 (31%) | 0.506 |
| ST‐depression/T‐inversion | 2053 (45%) | 940 (41%) | 1113 (41%) | <0.001 |
| STEMI | 487 (11%) | 255 (11%) | 232 (10%) | 0.429 |
| Pathological Q waves | 1110 (24%) | 487 (21%) | 623 (28%) | <0.001 |
| QRS duration ≥ 0.12 msec | 0.256 | |||
| No | 3602 (79%) | 1813 (78%) | 1789 (79%) | |
| LBBB | 616 (13%) | 330 (14%) | 286 (13%) | |
| RBBB | 211 (4.6%) | 109 (4.7%) | 102 (4.5%) | |
| IVCD | 148 (3.2%) | 67 (2.9%) | 81 (3.6%) | |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| LVEF, mean ± SD, % | 37 ± 14 | 37 ± 14 | 37 ± 13 | 0.259 |
| HFrEF | 2683 (59%) | 1415 (61%) | 1268 (56%) | |
| HFmrEF | 962 (21%) | 447 (19%) | 515 (23%) | 0.002 |
| HFpEF | 932 (20%) | 457 (20%) | 475 (21%) | |
Percentages might not add up to 100% due to rounding off. Analyses were performed using Student's t‐test or Pearson's χ2 test, whenever appropriate.
SD, standard deviation; smoking, includes chewing tobacco and/or smoking water‐pipe; alcohol, drinking daily; BMI, body mass index; kg, kilogram; CAD, coronary artery disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; Afib, atrial fibrillation; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; CKD, chronic kidney disease; Abd, abdominal; BG, baseline admission blood glucose; Crea, creatinine; SBP, systolic blood pressure; AHF, acute new‐onset heart failure; ADCHF, acute decompensated chronic heart failure; ECG, electrocardiography; CHB, complete heart block; SVT, supraventricular tachycardia; LV, left ventricular; STEMI, ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction; LBBB, left bundle branch block; RBBB, right bundle branch block; IVCD, intra ventricular conduction delay; LVEF, LV ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF) (<40%); HFmrEF, HF with mid‐range EF (40–49%); HFpEF, HF with preserved EF (≥50%).