Table 1.
Baseline characteristics on admission categorized by LVOT‐VTI
| Variable | Overall | LVOT‐VTI ≤15.8 | LVOT‐VTI >15.8 | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 214 | 67 | 147 | |
| Age (years) | 78 ± 11 | 78 ± 11 | 79 ± 11 | 0.54 |
| Male | 100 (47) | 36 (54) | 64 (44) | 0.166 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 4.6 | 23.6 ± 4.7 | 24.1 ± 4.5 | 0.43 |
| NYHA functional class III or IV | 167 (83) | 54 (84) | 113 (82) | 0.189 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 77 (61–97) | 96 (76–118) | 70 (58–85) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 151 ± 38 | 151 ± 39 | 153 ± 37 | 0.24 |
| Past history | ||||
| Prior heart failure admission | 82 (39) | 27 (41) | 55 (38) | 0.140 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 27 (13) | 5 (8) | 22 (15) | 0.149 |
| Coronary artery disease | 64 (30) | 18 (28) | 46 (32) | 0.58 |
| Prior PCI | 38 (18) | 10 (15) | 28 (19) | 0.47 |
| Prior CABG | 16 (8) | 6 (9) | 10 (7) | 0.58 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 130 (62) | 54 (82) | 76 (53) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 78 (37) | 24 (36) | 54 (37) | 0.90 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 140 ± 4.3 | 139 ± 3.7 | 140 ± 4.5 | 0.31 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 23 (17–35) | 24 (17–32) | 22 (17–37) | 0.98 |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.1 ± 2.0 | 11.8 ± 2.0 | 10.7 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| Plasma BNP (pg/mL) | 400 (222–708) | 366 (183–715) | 422 (231–705) | 0.37 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 0.78 |
| Medications before admission | ||||
| ACE‐Is or ARBs | 122 (57) | 34 (51) | 88 (60) | 0.21 |
| Beta‐blockers | 87 (41) | 29 (43) | 58 (39) | 0.60 |
| Loop diuretics | 125 (58) | 40 (60) | 85 (58) | 0.80 |
| MRAs | 53 (25) | 18 (27) | 35 (24) | 0.63 |
| Initial treatment | ||||
| Intravenous diuretics | 166 (78) | 51 (76) | 115 (78) | 0.73 |
| Vasodilators | 132 (62) | 43 (64) | 89 (61) | 0.61 |
| Echocardiographic parameter | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 60 ± 8.1 | 57 ± 7.6 | 61 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
| LAD (mm) | 45 ± 8.1 | 47 ± 8.4 | 45 ± 7.9 | 0.029 |
| LVDD (mm) | 47 ± 6.5 | 45 ± 6.7 | 48 ± 6.2 | 0.003 |
| LVPWD (mm) | 10 ± 2.1 | 11 ± 2.4 | 10 ± 2.0 | 0.30 |
| LVIVSD (mm) | 11 ± 2.5 | 10 ± 2.3 | 11 ± 2.6 | 0.77 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 159 ± 49 | 141 ± 42 | 163 ± 52 | 0.064 |
| E/A | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.41 |
| E/e′ (cm/s) | 17 (13–22) | 15 (13–19) | 18 (13–22) | 0.166 |
| TRPG (mmHg) | 37 ± 12 | 33 ± 12 | 39 ± 11 | 0.002 |
| IVCD (mm) | 20 ± 6.6 | 21 ± 6.3 | 20 ± 6.7 | 0.29 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation if normally distributed and median (interquartile range) if not normally distributed. Categorical variables are presented as number of patients (%). ACE‐Is, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; IVCD, inferior vena cava diameter; LAD, left atrial dimension; LVDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVIVSD, left ventricular interventricular septum diameter; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LVOT‐VTI, left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral; LVPWD, left ventricular posterior wall diameter; MRAs, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TRPG, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient.