Table 1.
Demographics and clinical profile of patients
| Overall (N = 1056) | Tertiary (N = 604) | Secondary (N = 144) | Primary (N = 308) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 66.5 (12.3) | 64.3 (12.3) | 67.1 (12.1) | 70.4 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 815 (78.9) | 481 (80.8) | 98 (74.2) | 236 (77.1) | 0.162 |
| HF aetiology | <0.001 | ||||
| Ischaemic | 404 (42.3) | 232 (46.0) | 55 (38.2) | 117 (38.1) | |
| Valvular | 70 (7.3) | 33 (6.6) | 13 (9.0) | 24 (7.8) | |
| Hypertensive | 22 (2.3) | 9 (1.8) | 7 (4.9) | 6 (1.95) | |
| Alcoholic | 29 (3.0) | 18 (3.6) | 4 (2.8) | 7 (2.3) | |
| Other toxics | 18 (1.9) | 8 (1.6) | 10 (5.1) | 2 (0.6) | |
| Non‐compaction | 26 (2.7) | 20 (4.0) | 3 (2.1) | 3 (1.0) | |
| Mixed | 41 (4.3) | 27 (5.4) | 2 (1.4) | 12 (3.9) | |
| IDC | 312 (32.7) | 140 (27.8) | 44 (30.6) | 128 (41.7) | |
| Others | 33 (3.5) | 17 (3.4) | 8 (5.6) | 18 (2.6) | |
| LVEF (%) | 30 (25, 35) | 31 (25, 35) | 30 (25, 35) | 30 (25, 35) | 0.552 |
| NYHA class | <0.001 | ||||
| I | 153 (14.5) | 65 (10.8) | 32 (22.2) | 56 (18.2) | |
| II | 616 (58.4) | 341 (56.6) | 92 (63.9) | 183 (59.6) | |
| III | 265 (25.1) | 183 (30.4) | 19 (13.2) | 63 (20.5) | |
| IV | 20 (1.9) | 14 (2.3) | 1 (0.7) | 5 (1.6) | |
| Previous admission | 701 (66.5) | 396 (65.6) | 115 (79.9) | 190 (61.9) | 0.001 |
| Vital signs | |||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 117.6 (18.6) | 115.0 (18.2) | 120.9 (17.6) | 121.1 (19.0) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.9 (11) | 71.7 (10.0) | 69.8 (11.3) | 69.78 (12.5) | 0.020 |
| HR (b.p.m.) | 68.9 (12.6) | 67.7 (11.6) | 70.5 (14.8) | 70.4 (13.3) | 0.002 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||
| Current smoker | 136 (12.9) | 71 (11.8) | 24 (16.7) | 41 (13.4) | 0.275 |
| Previous smoker | 559 (53.7) | 337 (56.5) | 65 (45.8) | 157 (51.8) | 0.051 |
| Hypertension | 700 (66.4) | 389 (64.4) | 96 (66.7) | 215 (70.0) | 0.235 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 419 (39.7) | 231 (38.3) | 60 (41.7) | 128 (41.7) | 0.528 |
| Dyslipemia | 648 (61.5) | 371 (61.4) | 83 (57.6) | 194 (63.4) | 0.503 |
| Co‐morbidities | |||||
| OSAS | 132 (12.5) | 80 (13.3) | 19 (13.1) | 33 (10.8) | 0.551 |
| COPD | 250 (23.7) | 126 (20.9) | 40 (27.8) | 84 (27.5) | 0.041 |
| Stroke | 97 (9.2) | 66 (10.9) | 10 (6.9) | 21 (6.9) | 0.081 |
| Vasculopathy | 117 (11.1) | 70 (11.6) | 12 (8.3) | 35 (11.4) | 0.522 |
| CKD | 366 (34.7) | 211 (34.9) | 44 (30.8) | 111 (36.3) | 0.516 |
| AF | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 632 (60.0) | 379 (62.8) | 83 (57.6) | 170 (55.7) | |
| Paroxistic | 91 (8.6) | 43 (7.1) | 22 (15.3) | 26 (8.5) | |
| Persist/perman. | 144 (13.7) | 68 (11.3) | 31 (21.5) | 45 (14.8) | |
| Non‐defined | 186 (17.6) | 114 (18.9) | 8 (5.7) | 64 (21.0) | |
| Biomarkers | |||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.4 (1.9) | 13.4 (1.8) | 13.5 (2.3) | 13.3 (1.9) | 0.725 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.619 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 296 (200, 891) | 306 (204, 956) | 219 (136.9, 335) | 1782 (484, 3080) | 0.012 |
| NT‐proBNP (pg/mL) | 1861 (694, 4307) | 1418 (635, 4108) | 2957 (1182, 4794) | 2390 (1022.5, 4424.5) | 0.006 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 154.5 (72, 284) | 143.5 (65, 280) | 145 (72, 328) | 180 (94, 294) | 0.268 |
| TSI (%) | 20.3 (15, 28) | 21 (15, 29) | 18.7 (14.5, 26) | 20 (15.6, 28) | 0.260 |
| ECG | |||||
| Rhythm | <0.001 | ||||
| Sinus | 715 (68.4) | 444 (74.0) | 93 (64.6) | 178 (58.9) | |
| AF | 227 (21.7) | 118 (19.7) | 31 (21.5) | 78 (25.8) | |
| Paced | 99 (9.5) | 34 (5.7) | 19 (13.2) | 46 (15.2) | |
| Atrial flutter | 5 (0.5) | 4 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | |
| LBBB | 353 (33.6) | 194 (32.1) | 48 (33.3) | 111 (36.5) | 0.425 |
| Echocardiography | |||||
| LVEDD (mm) | 63.1 (8.8) | 63.8 (9) | 62.8 (8.0) | 61.8 (8.6) | 0.005 |
| E/A | 1 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.7, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.5) | <0.001 |
| LA (mm) | 47.3 (8.5) | 47.1 (8.8) | 47.8 (8.6) | 47.4 (7.7) | 0.671 |
| MR mod/sev | 375 (35.9) | 223 (37.2) | 37 (25.9) | 115 (38.0) | 0.026 |
| PH | 267 (25.9) | 173 (29.1) | 27 (19.7) | 67 (22.3) | 0.019 |
AF, atrial fibrillation; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ECG, electrocardiogram; HF, heart failure; HR, heart rate; IDC, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy; LA, left atrium; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MR, mitral regurgitation; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OSAS, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; PH, pulmonary hypertension; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TSI, transferrin saturation index.