Table 1.

Factors associated with the introduction of solid, semi‐solid, and soft foods in Ethiopia, 2005–2016

Variable	2005		2011		2016		2005–2016		2005–2016	p for trend
	n (%)	OR (95% CI)	n (%)	OR (95% CI)	n (%)	OR (95% CI)	n (%)	OR (95% CI)	% point change (95% CI)
Socioeconomic factorsa
Maternal education
No schooling	227 (49.4)	1.00	174 (41.8)	1.00	187 (59.0)	1.00	588 (49.3)	1.00	9.6 [−2.4, 21.6]	.741
Primary school	53 (49.4)	1.03 [0.54, 1.97]	108 (61.4)	2.18 [1.14, 4.15]	114 (54.1)	0.69 [0.41, 1.15]	276 (55.7)	1.17 [0.88, 1.57]	4.7 [−11.9, 21.2]	.909
Secondary and higher	21 (67.6)	2.28 [0.43, 11.94]	12 (75.7)	1.86 [0.48, 7.26]	39 (89.6)	2.76 [1.17, 6.49]	72 (79.5)	2.37 [1.34, 4.20]	22.0 [−2.7, 46.7]	.712
Maternal occupation
No occupation	207 (47.5)	1.00	158 (43.0)	1.00	214 (60.2)	1.00	579 (50.0)	1.00	12.7 [1.6, 23.8]	.554
Formal occupation	24 (54.1)	0.83 [0.30, 2.25]	55 (74.4)	2.97 [1.42, 6.24]	42 (49.6)	0.74 [0.37, 1.49]	121 (59.6)	1.18 [0.81, 1.73]	−4.5 [−30.5, 21.6]	.648
Informal occupation	67 (58.3)	2.09 [1.00, 4.35]	77 (48.9)	1.78 [0.95, 3.35]	84 (63.8)	1.22 [0.71, 2.11]	228 (56.4)	1.45 [1.06, 1.99]	5.6 [−12.8, 23.9]	.225
Partner education
No schooling	153 (52.4)	1.00	123 (43.4)	1.00	130 (55.7)	1.00	405 (50.2)	1.00	3.3 [−9.4, 15.9]	.900
Primary school	109 (46.5)	0.81 [0.47, 1.38]	135 (50.6)	1.5 [0.89, 2.54]	146 (59.9)	0.97 [0.6, 1.54]	389 (52.4)	1.10 [0.86, 1.42]	13.5 [0.4, 26.5]	.819
Secondary and higher	37 (56.7)	0.75 [0.31, 1.80]	37 (63.3)	1.45 [0.6, 3.52]	61 (67.5)	0.77 [0.41, 1.45]	135 (63.1)	0.96 [0.66, 1.40]	10.8 [−9.0, 30.7]	0.975
Household wealth status
Poor	127 (51.7)	1.00	125 (46.1)	1.00	145 (56.5)	1.00	396 (51.3)	1.00	4.8 [−8.9, 18.5]	.889
Middle	70 (50.7)	1.09 [0.58, 2.06]	57 (47.9)	1.06 [0.52, 2.18]	91 (64.0)	1.83 [0.92, 3.61]	217 (54.6)	1.12 [0.81, 1.55]	13.3 [−2.6, 29.2]	.230
Rich	105 (48.5)	1.04 [0.56, 1.94]	112 (51.6)	0.73 [0.38, 1.43]	104 (60.3)	0.58 [0.29, 1.19]	322 (53.0)	0.76 [0.55, 1.04]	11.8 [−3.0, 26.5]	0.754
Demographic factorsb
Maternal age
15–24 years	90 (52.6)	1.00	89 (47.5)	1.00	134 (64.2)	1.00	313 (55.2)	1.00	11.5 [−3.7, 26.8]	.527
25–34 years	138 (48.7)	0.69 [0.37, 1.31]	151 (52.5)	1.45 [0.81, 2.6]	152 (57.2)	0.82 [0.48, 1.40]	441 (52.7)	0.96 [0.71, 1.29]	8.6 [−3.0, 20.2]	.463
35–49 years	72 (50.9)	1.13 [0.45, 2.88]	55 (41.0)	1.32 [0.55, 3.15]	53 (55.5)	0.67 [0.28, 1.56]	181 (48.5)	1.05 [0.67, 1.65]	4.7 [−15.4, 24.7]	.118
Listening to radio
No	192 (48.9)	1.00	131 (42.9)	1.00	231 (56.0)	1.00	554 (49.9)	1.00	71 [−3.7, 17.9]	.900
Yes	108 (53.1)	1.65 [0.93, 2.91]	164 (54.0)	1.25 [0.75, 2.09]	108 (68.6)	1.16 [0.67, 1.99]	380 (57.2)	1.15 [0.88, 1.49]	15.6 [1.7, 29.4]	.498
Reading newspaper/magazine
No	274 (49.9)	1.00	264 (47.3)	1.00	308 (57.9)	1.00	845 (51.6)	1.00	8.0 [−1.5, 17.5]	.981
Yes	27 (54.9)	1.48 [0.52, 4.24]	30 (63.0)	1.97 [0.69, 5.63]	32 (81.1)	3.06 [1.11, 8.4]	89 (65.2)	1.50 [0.91, 2.49]	26.2 [2.2, 50.2]	.823
Watching TV
No	269 (49.9)	1.00	181 (42.6)	1.00	263 (57.1)	1.00	713 (50.0)	1.00	7.3 [−2.4, 16.9]	.905
Yes	29 (52.6)	1.09 [0.39, 3.09]	111 (61.5)	1.27 [0.72, 2.25]	77 (69.1)	1.43 [0.75, 2.72]	217 (62.50)	1.19 [0.85, 1.68]	16.5 [−6.0, 39.0]	.377
Desire for the pregnancy
Desired the pregnancy	251 (51.3)	1.00	266 (49.8)	1.00	310 (59.4)	1.00	827 (53.5)	1.00	8.0 [−1.2, 17.3]	.577
Not desired the pregnancy	50 (45.8)	0.67 [0.33, 1.35]	29 (38.5)	0.82 [0.35, 1.94]	29 (60.7)	0.75 [0.27, 2.11]	108 (46.6)	0.79 [0.53, 1.19]	14.9 [−10.8, 40.6]	.232
Health service factorsc
Antenatal visit
None	202 (48.3)	1.00	162 (46.8)	1.00	99 (58.5)	1.00	462 (49.6)	1.00	10.2 [−4.6, 25.0]	.467
1–3	64 (57.9)	1.38 [0.75, 2.54]	69 (48.6)	1.27 [0.69, 2.33]	106 (58.7)	0.80 [0.47, 1.36]	238 (55.2)	1.11 [0.84,1.47]	0.8 [−16.8, 18.4]	.255
4+	35 (53.5)	1.68 [0.63, 4.5]	64 (53.7)	0.89 [0.41, 1.94]	125 (59.1)	0.76 [0.40, 1.43]	225 (56.6)	1.03 [0.71, 1.49]	5.7 [−13.2, 24.5]	.491
Postnatal check‐up
No	276 (49.2)	1.00	286 (48.2)	1.00	306 (58.0)	1.00	868 (51.6)	1.00	8.8 [−0.1, 19.7]	.965
Yes	25 (67.6)	1.57 [0.55, 4.48]	9 (57.2)	2.07 [0.51, 1.67]	33 (77.5)	0.92 [0.39, 2.16]	67 (70.4)	1.36 [0.83, 2.22]	9.9 [−15.9, 35.7]	.814
Community‐level factorsd
Place of residence
Urban	23 (56.1)	1.00	50 (55.0)	1.00	44 (70.7)	1.00	118 (60.2)	1.00	14.6 [−9.8, 39.0]	.855
Rural	277 (49.9)	0.99 [0.33, 2.99]	244 (47.3)	0.96 [0.37, 2.45]	296 (58.1)	0.85 [0.36, 1.97]	817 (51.7)	0.85 [0.54, 1.33]	8.2 [−1.2, 17.6]	.462
Region of residence
Large central	278 (50.1)	1.00	271 (49.1)	1.00	301 (59.0)	1.00	850 (52.6)	1.00	8.9 [−0.7, 18.5]	.961
Small peripheral	16 (50.0)	1.01 [0.55, 1.86]	10 (30.9)	0.61 [0.35, 1.08]	25 (57.4)	0.93 [0.55, 1.6]	51 (46.5)	0.81 [0.61, 1.08]	9.5 [−6.3, 25.2]	.507
Metropolis	8 (66.9)	1.02 [0.43, 2.47]	13 (57.2)	1.07 [0.48, 2.38]	13 (79.8)	2.01 [0.9, 4.48]	34 (66.7)	1.08 [0.72, 1.63]	12.9 [−6.0, 31.9]	.102

Note. n (%): weighted count and proportion for each outcome variable by study factors; % point change indicates percentage point changes from 2005 to 2016.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence; OR, odds ratio.

^aORs of socioeconomic factors were adjusted for demographic, health service, and community‐level factors.

^bORs of demographic factors were adjusted for socioeconomic, health service, and community‐level factors.

^cORs of health service factors were adjusted for socioeconomic, demographic, and community‐level factors.

^dORs of community‐level factors were adjusted for socioeconomic, demographic, and health service factors.