Fig. 1. 3D printing Haversian bone–mimicking scaffolds integrated with Haversian canals, Volkmann canals, and cancellous bone structure for delivery of osteogenic and angiogenic cells.

Osteogenic cells were seeded in cancellous bone structure of scaffolds, and angiogenic cells were seeded on Haversian canals. The Haversian bone–mimicking structure–based multicellular delivery system contributed to the formation of new bone and new blood vessels.