Table 1.
Baseline demographic characteristics of the study group.
| Age (y) | 60.2 (±12.2) |
| ASA | 2.3 (±0.5) |
| BMI | 31.5 (±5.5) |
| Sex | |
| Female | 443 (51%) |
| Male | 423 (49%) |
| Procedure | |
| Total hip | 450 (52%) |
| Total knee | 416 (48%) |
| Education | |
| Secondary | 406 (49%) |
| Higher | 422 (51%) |
| Marital status | |
| Married or living with significant other | 378 (45%) |
| Not living with significant other | 461 (55%) |
| Ethnicity | |
| White | 657 (76%) |
| Black/African American | 126 (15%) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 53 (6%) |
| Other | 30 (3%) |
| Smoking | |
| Yes | 47 (12%) |
| No | 357 (88%) |
| Alcohol | |
| None/occasional | 716 (86%) |
| Daily | 117 (14%) |
| Back pain | |
| No | 373 (43%) |
| Yes | 493 (57%) |
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index.
Values are given as mean and standard deviation or frequency and proportion.