Figure 4.

TBI impairs PPARγ expression. (A) qRT-PCR analysis of PPARγ gene expression in human brain tissue of TBI and normal group (the TBI surgery patients resected the contusion edge relative to normal brain tissue) brain tissues (n = 25, triplicates per sample, *p < 0.05, t-test). (B) Western blot analysis of PPARγ protein expression in TBI and normal group brain tissues of human (n = 25, triplicates per sample). (C) Quantification of protein levels from immunoblots as in B. The protein levels of PPARγ were normalized to GAPDH (*p < 0.05, t-test). (D) Representative clinical human brain tissue of TBI and normal group brain tissue histologic sections of H&Estaining (upper right and left panel). Representative histologic sections of PPARγ staining. The brown color shows positively stained cells by the PPARγ antibody (lower right and left panel). (E) The IOD SUM of positive cells was compared between the TBI and normal groups of human brain tissue (n = 20, triplicates per sample, *p < 0.05, t-test). (F) The rat brain region examined by immunofluorescence (G)Representative immunofluorescence images of the surrounding cortex (red: PPARγ) on the third day after CCI (n = 6/group, scale bar, 100 μm). (H) Quantitative analysis of the fluorescence intensity from immunofluorescence as in G. Data were analyzed using an appropriate Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA, or two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's analysis. Error bars, SEM.; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, means statistically significant differences, NS means no statistically significant differences. (I) Representative Western blotting images (n = 6, triplicates per group). (J) Quantification of protein levels from immunoblots as in I. The protein levels of PPARγ were normalized to GAPDH (n = 6/group, mean ± SD and asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the two groups shown by horizontal line, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by one-way ANOVA, NS means no statistically significant differences).