Figure 5.

TBI up-regulates the IL-6 level, pioglitazone rescues the effects of TBI, and the effect of pioglitazone was partially reversed by T0070907. (A) qRT-PCR analysis of IL-6 gene expression in human brain tissue of TBI and normal group brain tissues (n = 25, triplicates per sample, *p < 0.05, t-test). (B) Western blot analysis of IL-6 protein expression in TBI and normal group brain tissues of human (n = 25, triplicates per sample). (C) Quantification of protein levels from immunoblots as in B. The protein levels of IL-6 were normalized to GAPDH (*p < 0.05, t-test). (D) Representative histologic human clinical TBI and normal group brain tissue sections of IL-6 staining. The brown color shows positively stained cells by the IL-6 antibody. (E) The IOD SUM of positive cells was compared among the TBI and control normal of human brain tissue. (n = 20, triplicates per sample, *p < 0.05, t-test). (F) Representative immunofluorescence images of the surrounding cortex (red: IL-6) on the third day after CCI (n = 6/group, scale bar, 100 μm). (G) Quantitative analysis of the fluorescence intensity from immunofluorescence as in F. Data were analyzed using an appropriate Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA, or two-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's analysis. Error bars, SEM.; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, means statistically significant differences, NS means no statistically significant differences. (H) Representative Western blotting images (n = 6, triplicates per group). (I) Quantification of protein levels from immunoblots as in H. The protein levels of IL-6 were normalized to GAPDH (n = 6/group, mean ± SD and asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the two groups shown by horizontal line, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 by one-way ANOVA, NS means no statistically significant differences).