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. 2020 Mar 20;10:5175. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61533-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Various landscapes features [high slope (b), and agricultural fields (d)] increase landscape connectivity (more extensive areas with high values of the connectivity index -IC-), determining the amount of rainfall to be transformed into runoff and sediment to be possibly delivered to the river reach, and therefore influencing flood risk. Examples are shown for the Cadwell (a,b) and Salmon Creek (c,d) watersheds. The figure was arranged using ArcGis 10.7 [www.arcgis.com]. Slope was evaluated using customized scripts in Matlab 2018b [https://www.mathworks.com/release2018b], while the connectivity index was derived using the stand-alone tool by¹³³.