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. 2020 Mar 20;10:5175. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61533-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Flow frequency mean-unbiased exponential trend (in units of exceedance of Q30 (a) and Q95 (b), n/yr) versus year obtained for each watershed (colour-coded according to the watersheds drainage area, from blue to red for increasing values). The slope of each curve identifies increasing (positive) or decreasing (negative) trends during the years. These curves demonstrate that nonstationarity in flood frequency is common. Trends in exceedance of low (a) and extreme flows (b) are widespread across scales and landscape units, challenging existing paradigms of flood frequency analysis and channel design.