Table 1.
Summary of narrative review for studies on movement retraining for patellofemoral pain
| Author/type | n | Age (years) | Sex | Protocol | Retraining time | Feedback type | Feedback frequency | Post-retraining follow-up | Biomechanical outcomes | Functional outcomes | VAS pain* pre (x/10) | VAS pain post (x/10) | VAS pain follow-up (x/10) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Running—kinematic FB | |||||||||||||
| Cheung and Davis 2011/case series | 3 | 26–32 | 3 F | 2 weeks, 8 sessions | Increasing 15–30 min | Pressure insole in heel | Continual first 4 sessions, then faded | 12 weeks | Loading rates reduced |
PF pain score reduced Kujala improved |
3.1 | 1.7 | 1.4 |
| Dos Santos et al. 2019/RCT (no true control) | 18 | 18–35 | 9 F, 9 M |
Control 2 weeks, 8 sessions |
Increasing 15–30 min | Verbal, metronome | Continual first 4 sessions, then faded | 24 weeks | Plant flex, Forward trunk lean increased | VAS-A reduced, AKPS improved | 5** | 2.5** | 1** |
| Noehren et al. 2011/case series | 10 | 18–35 | 10 F | 2 weeks, 8 sessions | Increasing 15–30 min | Kinematic curves for hip ADD | Continual first 4 sessions, then faded | 4 weeks | Pk HADD, HIR, Contr. Pelvic drop reduced, VALR and VILR reduced | VAS-R reduced, LEFS improved | 5.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 |
| Roper et al. 2016/RCT | 16 | 18–44 | 11 F, 5 M | 2 weeks, 8 sessions | Increasing 15–30 min | Mirror for foot strike pattern | Continual first 4 sessions, then faded | 4 weeks | Knee Add, PF Stress reduced | VAS-R reduced | 5.3 | 1 | 1 |
| Willy et al. 2012/case series | 13 | 18–35 | 13 F | 2 weeks, 8 sessions | Increasing 15–30 min | Mirror for hip ADD, IR | Continual first 4 sessions, then faded | 12 weeks | Hip Add, Int Rot and CPD reduced | VAS-R reduced, LEFS improved | 4.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Running—cadence FB | |||||||||||||
| Bonacci et al. 2018/RCT (no true control) | 16 | 18–40 | 12 F, 4 M | 6 weeks, 10 sessions | 20% weekly training vol. | Minimalist running shoes coupled with Metronome | Continual first 4 weeks, then faded | 6 weeks | Cadence increased | VAS-W reduced, AKPS improved | 1.8 | ---- | 0.4 |
| Esculier et al. 2017/RCT (no true control) | 69 | 18–45 | 43 F, 26 M | 8 weeks, 5 sessions | 10 min/session | Verbal instruction in FFS or cadence | Continual | 12 weeks | Cadence increased, AVLR and PFJ avg. load rate reduced | VAS-R reduced, KOS-ADLS improved | 6.1 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
| Neal et al. 2018/case series | 11 | 18–45 | 6 F, 4 M | 6 weeks, 18 sessions | Increasing 10–30 min | Metronome for cadence | Continual first 3 sessions, then faded | None | Pk Knee flex, Pk Hip add, Pk Hip Int Rot reduced, cadence increased | NPRS-A reduced | 3.0 | 0.9 | ---- |
| Functional activities—walking, squatting, stair climbing | |||||||||||||
| Baldon et al. 2014/RCT (no true control) | 31 | 18–30 | 31 F | 8 weeks, 24 sessions | 90–120 min | Verbal instruction | Continual | 12 weeks | Trunk lean, Hip Add and Knee Abd reduced | VAS-W reduced, LEFS improved | 6.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 |
| Liebbrandt and Louw 2018/case series | 8 | 18–37 | 5 F, 3 M | 6 weeks, 6 sessions with PT, plus 18 home ex sessions | Not reported | Verbal | Continual | None | Knee flex, Ankle ROM and Hip Int Rot increased, | AKPS and LEFS improved in only 2 participants, NPRS-A decreased | 3.9 | 0.28 | --- |
| Rabelo et al. 2017/RCT (no true control) | 34 | 25.6 | 34 F | 4 weeks, 12 sessions | Increasing 40–60 min | Verbal, mirror | Continual | 24 weeks | Ipsilateral trunk lean increased | AKPS improved, NPRS-A decreased | 6.1 | 2.0 | 1.3 |
| Salsich et al. 2018/case series | 25 | 22 | 25 F | 6 weeks, 12 sessions, plus daily home ex | 45 min/session | Verbal, visual, tactile | Individualized schedule: continual initially, faded | 16 weeks | Hip add and med/lat rotation reduced, Knee med/lat rotation increased | VAS-C reduced, PSFS increased | 2.2 | 1.8 | 0.5 |
| Yemm and Krause 2015/case study | 1 | 19 | 1 F | 3 weeks, 4 sessions | Not reported | Verbal, mirror | Continual | None | Reduced medial collapse | VAS-C reduced | 6 | 1 | --- |
*VAS/NPRS pain descriptors—R, running pain; C, current pain; W, worst pain over past week; A, average pain over past week
**Estimated from graph