Figure 1.

Renal sympathetic nerve-derived norepinephrine (NE) and adrenergic receptor (AR) in chronic kidney disease development and progression. Sympathetic efferent activation, which is generated in the central nervous system, contributes to sympatho-excitation in the vasculature and renal tubules, and mediate their effects via norepinephrine and adrenergic receptors (ARs). The increased renal sympathetic nerve-derived NE may trigger tubular cell death, renal inflammation, and fibrogenesis progression, leading to CKD. Renal denervation (RDNx) lowers NE in renal tissue after renal injury and has a protective effect against fibrogenesis and CKD progression.