Figure 2.

Essential principles of the left ventricular pressure–volume relationship. (A) DBP, diastolic blood pressure; E_a, effective arterial elastance; EDPVR, end-diastolic pressure–volume relationship; E_es, end-systolic elastance; ESPVR, end-systolic pressure–volume relationship; PE, potential energy; P_ed, end-diastolic pressure; P_es, end-systolic pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SW, stroke work; V₀, volume at a P_es of 0 mmHg. Stroke volume (SV) is EDV − ESV. (B) Vena cava occlusion to change/reduce preload (arrow) and determine the end-systolic and end-diastolic relationships by linear regression.