Table 3.
Preclinical studies on PLT derivatives.
| Reference | Aim | Study Type | Platelet Formulation | Platelets Concentration | White Blood Cells Content | Activation Method | Platelets Application | Experimental Design | Main Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lo et al. 2009 [49] | Transplantation of PRP/NIH3T3-G cells to induced bone regeneration in OP | in vitro and in vivo | Human PRP |
NS | NS | Exogenous-bovine thrombin | NIH3T3-G alone, BMCs alone, and NIH3T3 G/BMC co-culture Bone marrow cavity of the tibia |
OVX-SAMP8 mice treated with PRP/NIH3T3-G | PRP/NIH3T3-G treatment prevent OP development |
| Liu et al. 2011 [50] | Balance between adipogenesis and osteogenesis in bone regeneration by PRP for age-related OP |
in vitro and in vivo | Human PRP |
NS | NS | Exogenous-bovine thrombin | Mouse pre-adipocytes (3T3-L1) and osteoblast cell line (7F2) co-culture Bone marrow cavity of the hind femur |
OVX-SAMP8 mice treated with PRP | PRP treatment exert its action promoting bone regeneration and suppressing adipogenesis within the marrow |
| Clafshenkel et al. 2012 [51] | Incorporation of melatonin and/or PRP into CA scaffolds to enhance bone regeneration in OP | in vivo | OVX rat PRP |
NS | NS | NS | Calvaria critical-sized defect | OVX rats treated with CA scaffold with PRP and melatonin, associated or not | PRP not improves bone formation |
| Chen et al. 2013 [52] | PRP to promote healing of OP fractures |
in vitro and in vivo | OVX rat PRP |
High: 8.21 ± 0.4 × 109 Medium:2.65±0.2 × 109 Low: 0.85 ± 0.16x109 PPP:8 ± 0.5x106 (PLTs/mL) |
NS | Exogenous-thrombin/CaCl2 | BMSCs culture Femoral fracture |
OVX rats treated with high-, medium- and low-concentration PRP and with PPP | Medium-concentration of PRP is the more suitable in promoting fracture healing |
| Cho et al. 2014[53] | Incorporation of PRP into CPC to enhance bone regeneration in OP | in vivo | OVX rat PRP |
4.12 × 109 (PLTs/mL) |
NS | NS | Vertebral body critical-size defects | OVX rats treated with CPC associated to PRP | PRP accelerates osteoconduction and improves trabecular bone microarchitecture and BMD |
| Jiang et al. 2016 [54] | PRP treatment and TiO2 nanoporous modification on the stability of titanium implants in OP | in vivo | Human PRP |
2 × 109 (PLTs/mL) |
NS | Exogenous-calcium enriched batroxobin | Bone marrow cavity of the hind tibia | OVX rats treated with TiO2 associated to PRP | PRP treatment improves implant biomechanical stability |
| Wei et al. 2016 [55] | PRP in combination with BMSCs for the treatment of OP defect | in vivo | Rats PRP |
NS | NS | Exogenous-thrombin | Tibia critical size defects defect | OVX rats treated with allogenic BMSC associated to PRP | PRP combined with BMSCs promotes bone defects healing |
| Rocha et al. 2017 [56] | PRP and MSCs, associated or not, in the repair of bone failures in secondary OP | in vivo | Equine PRP |
200 × 103 (PLTs/µL) |
NS | NS | Tibia failures | Rabbits submitted to ovariosalpingohysterectomy and hypercortisolism treated with allogeneic BMSCs and PRP, associated or not | PRP contributes positively to the repair of bone failure, but less than the treatment with MSCs and similarly to the association of both |
| Sakata et al. 2018 [57] | Bone regeneration of OP defects by PRP and β-TCP |
in vivo | Rats PRP |
NS | NS | NS | Vertebral body critical-size defects | OVX rats treated with β-TCP associated to PRP | PRP associated to β-TCP sponge facilitates bone regeneration in OVX lumbar vertebral bone defect |
| Engler-Pinto et al. 2019 [58] | L-PRF associated or not with bovine bone graft on the healing of OP bone defects | in vivo | Rats L-PRF |
NS | NS | NS | Calvaria critical size defects | OVX rats treated with bovine bone graft associated to PRP | L-PRF clot improves bone formation but less than the use of L-PRF associated to bovine bone graft |
NS: not specified; PRP/NIH3T3-G: NIH3T3-G pre-differentiated into osteoblast-like cells using PRP; OVX-SAMP8: ovariectomized senescence-accelerated mice; CA: calcium aluminate; CPC: calcium phosphate cement; β-TCP: β-tricalciumphosphate.