PAE effects on d-gal-induced memory impairment in the novel object recognition (NOR) test. The mice were placed into the apparatus containing two identical objects and allowed to explore for 5 min in the training session. After 60 min, a novel object replaced one of two identical objects, and then the test session was performed. The object exploring time of each mouse in the training session and test session were recorded. (A) Object recognition index and (B) time spent on the object in seconds in NOR. Results are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 9, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, differences between recognition index in the training and test session in the NOR. C, control group, C received saline; M, d-gal model group, M received 150 mg/kg d-gal; V, 100 mg/kg VE group, it received 100 mg/kg VE + 150 mg/kg d-gal; P-3, 3 mg/kg PAE group, it received 3 mg/kg PAE + 150 mg/kg d-gal; P-10, 10 mg/kg PAE group, it received 10 mg/kg PAE + 150 mg/kg d-gal; P-30, 30 mg/kg PAE group, it received 30 mg/kg PAE + 150 mg/kg d-gal.