Table 3.

Essential oils and their major constituents.

Latin Name	Plants Common Name	Major constituents	References
Achillea wilhelmsii	Achillea	Luteolin, apigenin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, leucodin, 1β-epoxydesacetoxymatricarin, 10β-epoxydesacetoxymatricarin, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxychromen-4-one, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,6,7-dimethoxychromen-4-one, salvigenin	[95]
Acorus gramineus	Grass-leaf sweet flag	From rhizomes: α-asarone (17.7%), cis-asarone (7.29%), asaronaldehyde (5.35%), borneol (2.18%), γ-cadinene (2.56%), calarene (1.64%), camphene (0.73%), camphor (3.63%), elemicin (1.98%), euasarone (12.7%), α-gurjunene (1.21%), 1,2,4-methenoazulene (0.82%), methyleugenol (34.18%), methyl isoeugenol (4.90%), and α-muurolene (0.76%).	[98]
Acorus tatarinowii	Acorus	β-asarone, α-asarone, veratric acid, anisic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid, trans-isoferulic acid, 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid	[102]
Anethum graveolens	Dill	Kazemi: α-phellandrene (19.12%), limonene (26.34%), dill ether (15.23%), sabinene (11.34%), n-nonadecane (1%), n-eicosane (0.78%), n-heneicosane (0.67%), β-myrcene (0.23%), α-thujene (0.21%); Kaur et al.: Carvone, limonene, camphor, carveol, perillyl alcohol	[104,171]
Annona vepretorum	Anaticum	Spathulenol (43.7%), limonene (20.5%), caryophyllene oxide (8.1%), α-pinene (5.5%)	[105]
Artemisia herba-alba	White wormwood	Bourgou et al.: c-glycosylated and methylated flavones, quinic acid derivatives, coumarins, sesquiterpenes lactones, terpenoids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, organic acids and alkaloids, di-O-caffeoylquinic acids, artemisinic acid, menthol, α-ketoglutaric acid, scopolin, isoschaftoside and sucrose; Mohamed et al.: 1,3,8-trihydroxyeudesm-4-en-7α,11βH-12,6α-olide, 5-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-7-methoxy-6H-benzopyran-2-one, 3α,8β-dihydroxygermacr-4,9(10)-dien-7β,11αH,12,6α-olide, 1β,8α-dihydroxy-11α,13-dihydrobalchanin, 11-epiartapshin, tomenin benzoic acid, p-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-methyl ester	[108,109]
Artemisia ludoviciana	Silver wormwood	(±)-camphor, γ-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, and borneol	[110]
Artemisia judaica		Piperitone (45.0%), trans-ethyl cinnamate (20.8%), ethyl-3-phenyl propionate (11.0%), spathulenol (6.27%), cis-ethyl cinnamate (5.64%), 2,6-dimethyl phenole (1.39%), methyl cinnamate (1.06%), 2,6-dimethyl phenol (1.39%), camphor (0.38%)	[111]
Artemisia dracunculus	Tarragon	trans-anethole (21.1%), α-trans-ocimene (20.6%), limonene (12.4%), α-pinene (5.1%), allo ocimene (4.8%), methyl eugenol (2.2%), β-pinene (0.8%), α-terpinolene (0.5%), bornyl acetate (0.5%), and bicyclogermacrene (0.5%)	[113]
Asarum heterotropoids	Asarum	Methyl eugenol (37.6%), sesamin (22.1%), safrole (14.7%), N-isobutyl-(2E,4Z,8Z,10E)-dodecatetraenamide (8.6%), linoleic acid (3.2%), trans-isocroweacin (5.5%), pentadecane (4.2%), 3,4-benzocyclodec-3-ene-1,5-diyn-7-one (3%), myristicin (1%)	[117]
Camellia sineusis	Green tea	Theanine, theobromine, caffeine, gallic acid, (+)-gallocatechin, caffeine, (-)-epigallocatechin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-gallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate, (+)-catechin gallate	[119]
Cananga odorata	Ylang-ylang	p-methylanisole, methyl benzoate, benzyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, geranyl acetate, cinnamyl acetate, (E,E)-farnesyl acetate, linalool, geraniol, benzyl salicylate, germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, gamma-muurolene, (E,E)-farnesyl acetate	[120]
		Linalool, germacrene D, benzyl acetate, p-cresyl methyl ether, (E,E)-α-farnesene, geranyl acetate, methyl benzoate, β-caryophyllene	[6]
Cinnamomum verum	Cinnamon	Eugenol (17.32%), Benzyl benzoate (0.22%), (E)-Cinnamyl alcohol (0.09%), eugenyl acetate (1.29%), (E)-cinnamyl acetate (11.78%), (Z)-cinnamyl acetate (0.01%), (E)-cinnamaldehyde (33.04%), safrole (0.01%), geraniol (0.05%), piperitone (0.16%), α-terpineol (0.61%), terpinen-4-ol (0.13%), linalyl acetate (2.25%), linalool (16.85%), p-cymene (0.92%), trans- β-ocimene (0.05%), cis-β-ocimene (0.03%), 1,8-coneole (0.46%), limonene (0.41%), α-terminene (0.09%), myrcene (1.17%), sabinene (0.06%), β-pinene (0.19%), camphene (0.09%)	[172]
Citrus aurantium, L.	Bitter orange	DI-limonene (94.81%), α-pinene (0.30%), β-pinene (0.65%), β-myrcene (1.00%), trans-ocimene (0.19%), γ-terpinene (0.01%), linalool oxide (0.04%), 1-octanol (0.13%), trans-linalool oxie (0.02%), isoterpinolene (0.01%), nonanal (0.02%), α-terminolene (0.44%), linalyl acetate (0.32%), sabinene hydrate acetate (0.93%),	[124]
Citrus bergamia	Bergamot orange	Limonene (25.62 – 52.19%), linalool (1.75–20.26%), linalyl acetate (15.61–40.37%),	[127]
Citrus sinensis	Sweet orange	Limonene (93.5%), β-pinene (2.979%), α-pinene (0.792%), cis-ocimene (0.235%), linalook (0.206%), α-terpineol (0.142%), (E)-citral (geranial) (0.150%), α-bergamotene (0.448%), β-bisabolene (0.365%)	[173]
Copaifera paupera	Oleoresin	α-copaene (A 21.8%, B 38.8%), trans-caryophyllene (A 4.1%, B 21.4%), γ-cadinene (B 7.7%), caryophyllene oxide (A 12.5%), diterpene kaurene (A 33.2%, B 2.4%)	[132]
Coriandrum sativum, L.	Coriander	Linalool (60–80%), geraniol (1.2%-4.6%), terpinen-4-ol (3%), α-terpineol (0.5%), γ-terpinene (1–8%), r-cymene (3.5%), limonene (0.5%-4.0%), α-pinene (0.2%-8.5%), camphene (1.4%), myrcene (0.2%-2.0%), camphor (0.9%-4.9%), geranyl acetate (0.1%-4.7%), linalyl acetate (0%-2.7%)	[135]
Cymbopogon citratus	Lemon grass	citral α (40.8%), citral β (32%), nerol (4.18%), geraniol (3.04%), citronellal (2.10%), terpinolene (1.23%), geranyl acetate (0.83%), myrecene (0.72%), terpinol (0.45%), methylheptenone (0.2%), borneol (0.1–0.4%), linalyl acetate (0.1%), α-pinene (0.07%), β-pinene (0.04%), limonene (traces), linalool (traces)	[140]
Cymbopogon winterianus	Citronella grass	Myrcene (3.3%), limonene (2.2%), (E)-β-ocimene 0.7%), allo-ocimene (0.2%), citronellal (26.5%), (E)-isocitral (0.2%), citronellol (7.3%), nerol (0.4%), neral (0.5%), geraniol (16.2%), geranial (0.7%), citronelyl acetate (2.5%), neryl acetate (0.1%), geranyl acetate (3.4%), β-elemene (4.4%), β-ylangene (0.3%), β-gurjunene (0.2%), aromadendrene (0.1%), α-humulene (0.1%), cis-cadina-1,(6),4-diene (0.1%), cis-muurola-4,(14),5-diene (0.1%), γ-muurolene (0.1%), germacrene D (1.1%), trans-muurola-4,(14),5-diene (0.1%), viridiflorene (0.1%), α-muurolene (0.4%), γ-cadinene(0.4%), δ-cadinene (2.5%), zonarene (0.1%), α-cadinene (0.1%), elemol (14.5%), 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (0.1%), 1-epi-cubenol (0.1%), γ-eudesmol (0.8%) epi-o-cadinol (0.5%), epi-o-muurolol (0.7%), β-eudesmol (0.2%), α-eudesmol (0.2%), α-cadinol (2.7%)	[142]
Dysphania graveolens	Fetid goosefoot	(Z,Z)-farnesol (16.01%), γ-terpineol (11.11%), cadine-4,11-dien-15-ol (8/34%), phytol (31.30%), ascaridol (32.21%), carvacrol (13.42%), carvacrol (17.45%), ascaridol (13.15%), p-cymene (12.79%)	[174]
Hyptis mutabilis	Tropical bushmint	α-thujene (1.6–6.0%), α-pinene (1.0–7.2%), 4(10)-thujene (2.027%), β-pinene (1.915–7.906%), 1-octen-3-ol (0.774–1.27%), limonene (1.34–1.731%), terpinene (0.199–0.715%), (+)-1-terpinen-4-ol (0.395–0.886%), α-copaene, (1.694–2.647%), β-bourbonene (0.787–1.532%), β-cubebene (0.693–1.172%), (-)-β-elemene (0.552–0.789%), E-caryophyllene (10.839–13.948%), α-caryophyllene (2.434–3.95%), germacrene D (6.936–14.968%), bicyclogermacrene (7.845–10.895%), germacrene A (0.591–0.906%), γ-cadinene (0.994%), cubebol (1.085–2.06%), (+)-δ-dadinene (1.188–2.166%), spathulenol (1.401%), germacrene D-4-ol (0.875%), (-)-globulol (11.604–26.61%), (-)-globulol (11.604–26.61%)	[144]
Lavandula angustifolia	English lavender	Linalool (33.3%), linalyl acetate (38.5%), caryophyllene (3.9%), myrcene (3.9%), trans-ocimene (2.4%), lavandulyl acetate (2.2%), terpinen-4-ol (2.1%)	[148]
		Linalyl acetate, linalool, (Z) β—ocimene, lavandulyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol	[6]
Lippia alba	Bushy lippia	Citral, linalool, β-caryophyllene; tagetenone; limonene, carvone, dihydrocarvone, piperitone, piperitenone; myrcene; γ-terpinene; camphor-1,8-cineole; estragole	[175]
Matricaria chamomilla	Chamomile	Isobutyl angelate, isoamyl angelate, methallyl angelate, isobutyl isobutyrate, methylpentyl angelate, trans-pinocarveol, pinocarvone	[6]
Melissa officinalis, L.	Common balm; lemon balm	Geranial (44.20%), neral (30.20%), citronellal (6.30%)	[158]
Mentha x piperita	Peppermint	Menthol, menthone, (+/-)-menthyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, limonene, β-pinene, β-caryophyllene	[159]
Nigella sativa, L.	Black cumin	Thymoquinone (63%), p-cymene (23%), α-pinene (<14%)	[169]
Piper guineense	Pepper	Linalool (41.8%), 3,5-dimethoxytoluene (10.9%)	[161]
Rosmarinus officinalis	Rosemary	p-Cymene (44.02%), linalool (20.5%), γ-terpinene (16.62%), thymol (1.81%), β-pinene (3.61%), α-pinene (2,83%), eucalyptol (2.64%), β-caryophyllene (0.11%)	[49]
Salvia officinalis	Common sage	1,8-cineole (7.45–9.69%), camphor (18.08–25.11%), linalool 0.31–0.51%), α-thujone (21.48–22.19%), β-thujone (8.78–17.70%), α-pinene (0.20–6.48%), β-pinene (1.55–3.74%), camphene (3.45–7.09%), myrcene (1.13–1.97%), limonene (1.87–1.91%), γ-terpinene (0.13–1.66%), terpinolene (0.34–0.87%), bormeol (1.60–2.88%), bormyl acetate (0.41–0.74%), β-caryophyllene (2.70–6.18%), α-humulene (2.53–4.21%), caryophyllene oxide (0.08–0.62%), viridiflorol (0.13–0.19%)	[176]
Salvia sclarea	Clary sage	Linalyl acetate (31.07%), linalool (23.11%), α-terpineol (7.03%), geranyl acetate (3.53%), sclareol (3.34%), germacrene D (2.92%), spathulenol (2.16%), caryophyllene oxide (2.01%), neryl acetate (1.87%), trans-β-caryophyllene (1.72%), β-myrcene (1.65%), geraniol (1.21%), nerol (1.02%), α-eudesmol (0.78%), limonene (0.58%), manool (0.57%), cis-β-ocimene (0.55%), α- and β-thujone (0.09%)	[177]
Syzygium aromaticum	Clove	Eugenol (71.56%), eugenol acetate (8.99%), caryophyllene oxide (1.67%), nootkatin (1.05%), phenol-4-(2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-(1-propenyl)-2-benzofurane (0.98%), p-cymene (0.9%), guaiol (0.90%), thymol (0.87%), isolongifolanone (trans) (0.86%), 5-hexene-2-one (0.67%), benzene-1-butylheptyl (0.55%), hexadecanoic acid (0.50%), 9,17-octadeca-dienal (0.24%), octadecanoic acid butyl ester (0.33%), dodecatrienoic acid-3,7,11-trimethylethyl ester (0.38%), vitamin E acetate (0.43%)	[165]
Tagetes minuta, L.	Black mint	β-phelandrene, limonene, β-cimene, dihydrotagetone, tagetone, tagetenone	[178]
Thymus capitatus	Spanish oregano	α-thujene (1.64–7.92%), anisole (1.24%), p-cymene (3.71%), trans-β-ocimene (0.07–1.03%), γ-terpinene (0.76–16.18%), α-terpinolene (0.25–0.5%), 2-ethyl-4-methyl anisole (2.63%), thymol (0.07–1.77%), carvacrol (24.28%-58.56%), phenol,2,3,5,6-tetra-methyl (2.18–5.54%), hexanoic acid, hexyl ester (0.84%), β-caryophyllene (7.41–8.59%), aromadendrene (0.78%), α-humulene (1.82–5.20%), ledene/viridiflorene (1.63–6.57%), cis-α bisabolene (0.71–1.07%), γ-cadinene (0.69–1.93%), δ-cadinene (0.79%), (-)-spathulenol (1.03%), caryophyllene oxide (6.26–10.43%), iso aromadendrene epoxide (0.82–2.27%), α cadinol (0.25%), vulgarol B (1.11%)	[169]
Valeriana officinalis, L.	Valerian	Carene (0.29%), α-thujene (4.18%), 6-isopropyl-1-methyl bicycle[3,1,0]hexane (14.19%), sabinene (2.55%), p-cymene (0.43%), limonene (1.26%), camphor (0.19%), borneol (3.54%), L-myrtanol (0.81%), α-methyl 4(1′,1′-methyl ethyl) phenol (2.49%), bornyl acetate (23.93%), sabinol (1.70%), α-terpineol (1.20%), β-caryophyllene (0.82%), β-gurjunene (1.16%), humulene (0.40%), trans-caryophyllene (0.28%), nerolidol (0.78%), elemene (0.45%), bornyl isovalerianate (0.36%), azulene furan (0.58%), stereoisomer of ramie enol (1.46%), 4a,8-dimethyl-α-isopropyl naphthyl ketone (2.77%), tetramethyl-4-hydroxyl cyclopropane naphthalene (1.26%), ledol (1.22%), guaiol (4.73%), valerone (1.14%)	[179]