Table 1.
Predisposing, enabling and need characteristics by age cohort and residence.
| Variables | n (%) | Urban | Rural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aged <80 | Aged 80+ | Aged <80 | Aged 80+ | ||
| Predisposing Variables: | |||||
| Age *** | |||||
| Mean | 85.62 | 74.30 | 90.98 | 73.28 | 91.60 |
| Range | 65–117 | 60–79 | 80–115 | 60–79 | 80–117 |
| Gender * (female) | 3876 (54.25) | 542 | 1115 | 536 | 1588 |
| Percentages | |||||
| Married (yes) *** | 2785 (41.01) | 66.73 | 27.95 | 70.45 | 25.28 |
| Years of schooling (vs. No education) *** | |||||
| 1–7 | 2192 (31.63) | 43.49 | 29.20 | 42.73 | 22.82 |
| >7 | 822 (11.86) | 25.20 | 10.14 | 19.25 | 3.76 |
| Living alone (yes) | 425 (7.11) | 7.01 | 6.05 | 6.43 | 8.40 |
| Occupation (farmer) ** | 4469 (70.36) | 54.38 | 57.41 | 81.52 | 82.89 |
| Enabling variables: | |||||
| Main source of financial support (vs. Others)*** | |||||
| Retirement wages/salary | 1848 (27.10) | 50.32 | 28.56 | 39.75 | 9.72 |
| Children | 3653 (65.35) | 30.73 | 50.69 | 44.44 | 70.16 |
| Financial support sufficient to pay for daily expenses (yes)* |
5590 (82.02) | 82.48 | 84.40 | 79.60 | 81.20 |
| Economic status compared with other local people (vs. Poor) | |||||
| Rich | 1104 (16.26) | 17.74 | 21.66 | 13.70 | 12.72 |
| Fair | 4902 (72.21) | 71.61 | 67.68 | 73.79 | 75.17 |
| Total income of your household last year (vs. ¥0–15,000) (yuan) *** | |||||
| ¥15,000–50,000 | 2200 (34.52) | 40.17 | 36.24 | 34.30 | 30.84 |
| >¥50,000 | 1545 (24.24) | 24.78 | 32.01 | 18.56 | 16.92 |
| Has medical insurance support (vs. Others)*** | 71.61 | 67.68 | 73.79 | 75.17 | |
| Medical insurance for urban workers | 761 (11.95) | 26.03 | 19.40 | 6.17 | 3.37 |
| Collective medical insurance for urban and rural residents |
5376 (84.42) | 69.84 | 75.65 | 91.12 | 93.73 |
| Needs variables: ADLs (vs. Not limited) *** | |||||
| Yes, strongly limited | 860 (12.54) | 7.55 | 17.89 | 4.81 | 14.45 |
| Yes, limited | 1478 (21.55) | 15.27 | 25.51 | 15.21 | 24.40 |
| Self-rated health (vs. Bad) * | |||||
| Good | 2871 (44.78) | 45.40 | 45.03 | 48.22 | 42.41 |
| Fair | 2556 (39.87) | 39.52 | 38.73 | 36.74 | 42.63 |
| Numbers of chronic illness (vs. 0)*** | |||||
| 1 | 2109 (30.15) | 26.59 | 29.43 | 32.47 | 31.05 |
| 2 or more | 2178 (31.14) | 45.28 | 34.27 | 27.87 | 24.49 |
| Self-reported quality of life (vs. Bad) *** | |||||
| Good | 4304 (67.08) | 66.48 | 71.66 | 62.36 | 66.45 |
| Fair | 1871 (29.16) | 30.76 | 25.17 | 33.84 | 28.90 |
| Feel fearful or anxious (vs. Seldom/never) | |||||
| Always/often | 228 (3.68) | 3.69 | 3.31 | 3.99 | 3.77 |
| Sometimes | 1390 (22.40) | 17.99 | 18.85 | 24.82 | 25.98 |
| Feel lonely and isolated (vs. Seldom/never) *** | |||||
| Always/often | 432 (6.94) | 4.88 | 6.82 | 6.62 | 8.24 |
| Sometimes | 1533 (24.63) | 17.60 | 23.93 | 22.27 | 30.02 |
| Make own decision (vs. Seldom/never) *** | |||||
| Always/often | 3730 (60.89) | 72.61 | 62.21 | 68.48 | 49.56 |
| Sometimes | 1392 (22.72) | 18.29 | 21.82 | 20.61 | 26.88 |
| Feel depressed # (yes) ** | 677 (11.73) | 13.57 | 13.63 | 13.01 | 8.59 |
Note: n = 6909. # Depressed: felt depressed for two weeks or more in the last 12 months; Differences between groups were tested by an analysis of variance or chi-squared test, as appropriate. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.