Table 5.
Odds ratios of anticipated living arrangements (multinomial logistic regression).
| Variables | Living Alone 1 | Living Alone 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Predisposing variables: | ||
| Group (Ref. Rural aged <80) | ||
| Urban aged <80 | 1.61 (1.14,2.28) ** | 1.28 (0.97,1.68) |
| Urban aged 80+ | 0.95 (0.68,1.32) | 1.05 (0.82,1.33) |
| Rural aged 80+ | 1.19 (0.85,1.67) | 1.18 (0.91,1.53) |
| Gender (Ref. Male) | 0.75 (0.57,0.97) * | 0.93 (0.76,1.14) |
| Married (Ref. No) | 6.68 (4.90,9.10) *** | 5.6 (4.52,6.95) *** |
| Years of schooling (Ref. 0) | ||
| 1–7 | 1.00 (0.76,1.32) | 0.97 (0.79,1.20) |
| >7 | 0.99 (0.69,1.44) | 0.89 (0.65,1.20) |
| Living alone (Ref. No) | 8.44 (5.34,13.33) *** | 7.38 (5.16,10.56) *** |
| Occupation (Ref. Non-peasant) | 0.65 (0.48,0.88) ** | 0.83 (0.65,1.05) |
| Enabling variables: | ||
| Main source of financial support (Ref. Others) | ||
| Retirement wages/salary | 0.91 (0.65,1.28) | 0.99 (0.75,1.31) |
| Children | 0.47 (0.34,0.64) *** | 0.63 (0.50,0.80) *** |
| Financial support sufficient to pay for daily expenses (Ref. No) | 0.74 (0.52,1.05) | 0.66 (0.51,0.86) ** |
| Economic status compared with other local people (Ref. Poor) | ||
| Rich | 1.05 (0.63,1.75) | 1.55 (1.03,2.33) * |
| Fair | 0.98 (0.64,1.49) | 1.34 (0.95,1.89) |
| Total income of your household last year (Ref. <¥15,000) | ||
| ¥15,000–50,000 | 0.39 (0.30,0.52) *** | 0.45 (0.37,0.56) *** |
| >¥50,000 | 0.23 (0.16,0.32) *** | 0.24 (0.19,0.31) *** |
| Has medical insurance support (Ref. Others) | ||
| Medical insurance for urban workers | 0.97 (0.51,1.86) | 1.47 (0.85,2.54) |
| Collective medical insurance for urban and rural residents | 0.60 (0.34,1.05) | 0.96 (0.60,1.55) |
| Needs variables: | ||
| ADLs (Ref. Not limited) | ||
| Yes, strongly limited | 0.58 (0.35,0.95) * | 0.95 (0.68,1.32) |
| Yes, limited | 1.07 (0.79,1.45) | 1.21 (0.97,1.51) |
| Self-rated health (Ref. Bad) | ||
| Good | 0.95 (0.64,1.42) | 0.99 (0.73,1.34) |
| Fair | 0.87 (0.6,1.25) | 0.91 (0.68,1.20) |
| Numbers of chronic illness (Ref. 0) | ||
| 1 | 1.15 (0.87,1.51) | 0.96 (0.78,1.19) |
| 2 or more | 1.02 (0.77,1.35) | 1.05 (0.85,1.31) |
| Self-reported quality of life (Ref. Bad) | ||
| Good | 2.36 (1.07,5.19) * | 1.81 (1.00,3.27) |
| Fair | 2.53 (1.17,5.51) * | 1.77 (0.99,3.18) |
| Feel fearful or anxious (Ref. Seldom/never) | ||
| Always/often | 1.51 (0.80,2.88) | 1.26 (0.75,2.11) |
| Sometimes | 0.88 (0.63,1.23) | 1.14 (0.89,1.45) |
| Feel lonely and isolated (Ref. Seldom/never) | ||
| Always/often | 1.34 (0.78,2.28) | 1.20 (0.78,1.83) |
| Sometimes | 1.00 (0.72,1.39) | 1.11 (0.87,1.42) |
| Make own decision (Ref. Seldom/never) | ||
| Always/often | 1.86 (1.31,2.65) *** | 1.69 (1.30,2.19) *** |
| Sometimes | 0.68 (0.44,1.05) | 1.15 (0.86,1.54) |
| Feel depressed # (Ref. No) | 0.67 (0.47,0.97) * | 0.98 (0.73,1.31) |
| Model summary: | ||
| Nagelkerke R2 | 0.30 | |
| χ2 with df = 64 (p-value) | 1297.17 (<0.001) | |
| −2Log likelihood | 5745.14 | |
Note: n = 6909. Taking “Co-residence with children” as a reference. Values in parentheses are the odds ratios without controlling for other variables. Living alone 1: Living alone regardless residential distance from children; Living alone 2: living alone (or with spouse) and children living nearby. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.