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. 2020 Mar 6;21(5):1834. doi: 10.3390/ijms21051834

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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DCs and their exosomes induced allogeneic T cell proliferation. (A) A cup-shaped morphology was observed for pulsed DC-derived exosomes by TEM. (B) Pulsed DC-derived exosomes expressed CD9, CD63, and CD86. (C) AlloT cells grew as clumps when incubated with pulsed DCs. (D) Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CSFE)-stained T cells proliferated during a seven-day incubation with pulsed DCs, unpulsed DCs and exosomes isolated from DCs. Untreated T cells or T cells incubated with exosomes isolated from Exo/unpulsed DCs did not divide. (E) The number of T cells increased highest in the treatment with pulsed DCs, followed by Exo/pulsed DCs, and unpulsed DCs. Exo/unpulsed DCs showed no significant effect on alloT cell proliferation. Data was presented as mean ± SD in quadruplicate cultures (* p < 0.05). Exo1: pulsed DC-derived exosome sample 1; Exo2: pulsed DC-derived exosome sample 2; Exo3: pulsed DC-derived exosome sample 3. DCs: dendritic cells; pulsed DCs: A549 tumor cell lysate-pulsed DCs; unpulsed DCs: A549 tumor cell lysate-unpulsed DCs; Exo/unpulsed DCs: exosomes isolated from unpulsed DCs; Exo/pulsed DCs: exosomes isolated from pulsed DCs.