Figure 3.

The causes and consequences of perturbations in timing of menarche. The environmental causes of either early or late menarche are shown in (A), followed by disease causes (B), and consequences (C), and social causes (D) and consequences (E). Mental health and psychological conditions were categorized as either diseases or social factors depending on the specific finding and research article. The arrows (↑) indicate that increases in that factor correspond to either early or late menarche (depending on the side of the bell distribution it is shown on). The question mark (?) that appears near “soy formula” indicates that there is conflicting evidence regarding whether or not soy formula has an effect on the timing of menarche.