Table 1.

Drugs which directly interfere with calcium signaling and may potentially be neuroprotective in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Drug	Mode of Action	Proposed Effects	Disease (Model)	Species	NCT	Obvious Drawbacks	References
Nimodipine	Dihydropyridine blocking L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC)	Increased oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) numbers, microglia-specific apoptosis, reduction of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increased remyelination	Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)	Mouse	-	-	[204,205]
Olesoxime	Cholesterol targeting voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) in the outer mitochondrial membrane	Neuroprotective agent affecting cytosolic calcium homoeostasis	EAE	Mouse, rat	NCT02628743 NCT01808885	No long-term experience, not approved for any disease	[183,184,185,186,187,188]
Quetiapine	Antagonist at multiple G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) (e.g., histamine H1, dopamine D2, 5-HT2A), interaction with mitochondrial calcium channel STIM1	Increased maturation of oligodendrocytes	Cuprizone model, MS	Mouse, human	NCT02087631	-	[190,191,192,193,194]