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. 2020 Mar 3;21(5):1711. doi: 10.3390/ijms21051711

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Elevated levels of inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines in the peripheral circulation of pre-symptomatic Tg2576 mice. (a) Plasma levels of MCP-1 are significantly elevated at 15 months when cerebral Aβ pathology is detectible but not at the pre-symptomatic timepoint of 6 months (Yg-Tg) in Tg2576 mice. (b–d) Plasma levels of IL-9, VEGF-α, and IP-10 are elevated in the plasma at 6 months in Tg2576 mice (Yg-Tg), prior to any detectible Aβ in the brain. IL-9, VEGF-α, and IP-10 plasma levels are not significantly elevated at 15 months when significant Aβ pathology exists in the Tg2576 mice (Ag-Tg) brains. n = 4,6 per group. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM, as well as individual values, and are obtained from three independent experiments at various times. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. P values were calculated using Two-Way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons correction (a–d).