Table 1.
General info of the studied wave and tidal systems studied by life cycle assessments (LCAs).
| Reference | Device | Region | Installed capacity | Capacity factor | ISO Smartcards | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14040 | 14044 | |||||
| Cavallaro et al. (2007) | Kobold | Italy | 160 kW | N.A. | - | - |
| Douglas et al. (2008) | Seagen | UK | 1.2 MW | 48% | √ | - |
| Rule et al. (2009) | Kaipara Harbor | New Zealand | 200 MW | 37% | - | √ |
| Howell et al. (2013) | DeepGen; OpenHydro; ScotRenewables SR2000; Flumill |
UK | 1 MW; 2 MW; 2 MW; 2 MW |
N.A. | √ | √ |
| Hans et al. (2007) | Wave Dragon | Denmark | 7 MW | N.A. | - | - |
| Parker et al. (2007) | Pelamis | UK | 750 kW | N.A. | √ | - |
| Thomson et al. (2011a) | Pelamis | UK | 750 kW | N.A. | √ | - |
| Thomson et al. (2011b) | Pelamis | UK | 750 kW | N.A. | √ | - |
| Thomson et al. (2019) | Pelamis | UK | 750 kW | 45% | - | √ |
| Dahlsten et al. (2009) | Seabased | Hypothetical | 20 MW | N.A. | √ | √ |
| Walker et al. (2011) | Oyster | UK | 315 kW | N.A. | - | - |
| Ombach et al. (2014) | Wave Star | Denmark | 1000 kW | N.A. | 14000 | - |
| Zhai et al. (2018) | BRD | China | 10 kW | 50% | √ | - |
| Elginoz et al. (2017) | MUP farm | Hypothetical | 265.5 MW | Various | √ | - |
| Curto et al. (2018) | DEIM | Italy | 30 kW | N.A. | √ | √ |
| Patrizi et al. (2019) | OBREC | Italy | 3 kW | N.A. | - | - |
| Uihlein et al. (2016) | Various | Unspecified | 500kW-1 MW | 34%; 0% | - | - |
| Douziech et al. (2016) | Annapolis; SeaGen; HS1000; HydraTidal; Oyster800 |
Canada; Ireland; UK; Norway; UK |
20 MW; 1200 kW; 1000 kW; 1500 kW; 800 kW | N.A. | - | - |