Table 3.

Summary table of themes associated with biology/personality, social, and cultural/environment streams found in this study

Biology/personality	Social	Cultural/environment
Self-image Self-efficacy External Locus of Control Sensation seeking Susceptibility to nicotine	Lack of parental warmth, support, or supervision (leading to ability to hide smoking habit from parents) Greater influence by peers than parents Smoking specific attitudes and behaviours of role models Strong attachment to and strong desire to please peers Beliefs that important others (friends, parents and other role models) encourage smoking Motivation to comply with other smokers	Cigarette availability Media and advertising depictions of smoking Hedonic values and short term gratification Tolerance of deviance Expected costs and benefits of smoking