TABLE 3.
Potential risk factors for incident sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in adolescence
| No SDB | Snoring | AHI 2–<5 events per h | AHI ⩾5 events per h | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children n | 154 | 105 | 112 | 44 | |
| Males % | 44.2 | 51.4 | 67.0 | 70.5 | <0.001 |
| Ethnic minority % | 16.9 | 18.1 | 32.1 | 25.0 | 0.017 |
| Black | 9.7 | 10.5 | 20.5 | 9.1 | 0.022 |
| Hispanic | 4.5 | 5.7 | 8.9 | 9.1 | |
| Other | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 6.8 | |
| Baseline | |||||
| Age years | 8.3±1.6 | 8.7±1.7 | 8.8±1.7 | 9.6±1.5 | <0.001 |
| BMI percentile | 59.9±28.6 | 61.4±29.2 | 67.1±27.2 | 70.0±30.3 | 0.072 |
| Waist cm | 63.9±9.7 | 65.2±9.6 | 66.7±10.7 | 70.3±14.1 | 0.003 |
| Neck cm | 28.2±0.3 | 29.2±0.6 | 29.2±0.3 | 30.4±0.6 | 0.017 |
| Tonsil size % | 0.945 | ||||
| Tonsil removed | 7.9 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 7.0 | |
| Normal | 52.5 | 57.1 | 53.3 | 45.6 | |
| Abnormal | 39.6 | 35.7 | 40.0 | 46.5 | |
| Mild SDB % | 28.6 | 33.3 | 33.9 | 38.6 | 0.578 |
| Tonsil inflammation % | 5.0 | 2.1 | 4.8 | 7.1 | 0.987 |
| Palate length % | 5.7 | 7.3 | 13.7 | 9.5 | 0.344 |
| Chronic sinusitis % | 17.0 | 13.3 | 15.5 | 6.8 | 0.385 |
| Wheeze % | 8.6 | 13.5 | 17.3 | 13.6 | 0.210 |
| Allergies % | 40.1 | 38.1 | 41.8 | 29.5 | 0.544 |
| Follow-up | |||||
| Age years | 16.4±2.1 | 16.6±2.2 | 17.3±2.2 | 18.4±2.1 | <0.001 |
| History of tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy % | 7.8 | 9.5 | 14.3 | 18.2 | 0.147 |
| Tanner % | 0.148 | ||||
| Prepubertal | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | |
| Early pubertal | 3.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Mid puberty | 14.3 | 18.3 | 11.1 | 7.3 | |
| Late puberty | 45.6 | 44.2 | 52.8 | 41.5 | |
| Adulthood | 36.1 | 36.5 | 34.3 | 51.2 | |
| BMI percentile | 60.0±28.5 | 61.5±28.8 | 70.8±26.5 | 79.0±25.6 | <0.001 |
| Change in BMI percentile % | 0.1±22.2 | 0.2±23.0 | 3.8±23.0 | 9.0±24.1 | 0.090 |
| Minimum SpO2 % | 92.0±5.6 | 91.7±4.2 | 91.0±5.0 | 90.1±6.6 | 0.122 |
| Neck cm | 34.1±2.9 | 35.0±3.3 | 37.1±7.2 | 38.6±4.7 | <0.001 |
| Waist cm | 76.3±10.5 | 78.7±12.3 | 83.3±13.0 | 90.8±18.3 | <0.001 |
| Waist/whole body fat ratio | 0.06±0.01 | 0.06±0.01 | 0.07±0.02 | 0.07±0.02 | <0.001 |
| Hip/whole body fat ratio | 0.18±0.02 | 0.18±0.03 | 0.18±0.02 | 0.17±0.02 | 0.055 |
| Waist/hip fat ratio | 0.33±0.09 | 0.34±0.09 | 0.39±0.11 | 0.42±0.14 | <0.001 |
| Visceral adipose tissue cm2 | 49.5±29.6 | 54.7±35.0 | 67.9±41.5 | 87.3±53.9 | <0.001 |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue cm2 | 197.3±127.2 | 210.9±167.9 | 228.3±167.4 | 261.8±180.4 | 0.095 |
| Deviated septum % | 2.6 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 2.3 | 0.829 |
| Chronic sinusitis/rhinitis % | 6.5 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 13.6 | 0.391 |
| Heartburn % | 12.4 | 12.5 | 17.0 | 18.2 | 0.592 |
| Abdominal pain % | 9.2 | 7.6 | 9.8 | 2.3 | 0.445 |
| Regurgitation % | 3.9 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 0.0 | 0.034 |
| Vomiting % | 2.0 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.713 |
| Chronic cough % | 3.3 | 3.8 | 7.1 | 2.3 | 0.382 |
| Chronic cough with exercise % | 8.5 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 6.8 | 0.835 |
| Wheezing/dyspnoea % | 13.1 | 19.0 | 19.6 | 6.8 | 0.131 |
| Respiratory night-time symptoms % | 2.0 | 3.8 | 5.4 | 6.8 | 0.362 |
| Asthma % | 5.8 | 11.2 | 8.7 | 4.5 | 0.340 |
| Headaches % | 26.1 | 25.0 | 23.2 | 31.8 | 0.737 |
| Confusional episodes % | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.664 |
| Seizures % | 3.9 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.443 |
| CNS trauma % | 15.7 | 12.5 | 15.2 | 18.2 | 0.821 |
| Thyroid disease % | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 4.5 | 0.272 |
| Joint pain % | 13.9 | 21.0 | 17.0 | 11.4 | 0.372 |
| Allergies % | 60.1 | 57.1 | 62.5 | 36.4 | 0.022 |
| Toxic environmental exposure % | 3.9 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 0.517 |
Data are presented as mean±SD unless otherwise stated. This table is based on subjects who were included in both the baseline and follow-up assessment excluding those that had an apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) ⩾5 events per h at baseline. The statistical analysis of the detailed obesity variables was based on normalised values. The descriptive data reported in this table represent the recorded data. These variables include: neck and waist circumference; waist/whole body fat ratio; hip/whole body fat ratio; visceral adipose tissue; and subcutaneous adipose tissue. BMI: body mass index; SpO2: arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry; CNS: central nervous system.