Table 4.
Biologic Models for Endourology
| Type of Model | Name | Skill | Provider | Validity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cadaveric | Fresh frozen cadavers | CYS, Bladder biopsy, Botox injection, URS, TURP | BAUS | Face and content23 |
| CYS | – | Construct77 | ||
| Thiel embalmed cadavers | CYS, URS | – | Face and content78 | |
| URS | – | Face and content79 | ||
| URS, TURP | – | Face80 | ||
| TURP, UroLift | University of Leeds, UK | None | ||
| Animal | Live porcine model | URS | – | Face, content and construct81 |
| Ex vivo porcine urinary tract | URS | – | Face, content and construct81 | |
| Porcine kidney and ureter | PCNL | – | Face82 | |
| Porcine bladder | Transurethral bulking | University of California, Irvine | Face, content and construct83 | |
| Boar bladder | CYS, bladder biopsy | – | Construct84 |
Abbreviations: CYS, cystoscopy; URS, ureterorenoscopy; TURP, transurethral resection of prostate; BAUS, British Association of Urological Surgeons; PCNL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy.