Table 6.

Robotic Urology Models

Type of Model	Name	Skill	Provider	Validity
Virtual Reality	dVSS	Basic skills	Intuitive Surgical, USA	Face, content, construct, concurrent and predictive99–101
	dV-Trainer	Basic skills	Mimic Technologies, USA	Face, content, construct, concurrent and predictive99–102
	FlexVR	Basic skills	Mimic Technologies, USA	None
	RobotiX Mentor	Basic skills	3D Systems formerly Simbionix	Face, content and construct100,101,103
		RARP		Face, content and construct104
	RoSS	Basic skills	Simulated Surgical Systems, USA	Face, content and construct100,101
		Urethrovesical anastomosis AR*		Concurrent105
		RARP		None
		RARC		None
		Lymph node dissection		None
	Tube-3	Urethrovesical anastomosis	Mimic Technologies, USA	Face, content, construct, concurrent and predictive106–108
	Maestro AR*	RAPN	Mimic Technologies, USA	Face, content, construct and concurrent109
		RARP		None
	Xperience Team Trainer	Assistant skills	Mimic Technologies, USA	Face, content, construct and concurrent110
Bench	Mimic dry-lab exercises	Basic skills	Mimic Technologies, USA	Face, content and construct111
	SIMPLE-PN	RAPN	University of Rochester, USA	Face, content, construct and concurrent112,113
	RAPN Training	RAPN	Washington University, St Louis USA	Face, content and construct114
	Urethrovesical model	Urethrovesical anastomosis	University of Texas, Dallas USA	Face, content and construct115
	Urethrovesical model	Urethrovesical anastomosis	Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth	Face and content116
Animal	Porcine kidney with an embedded Styrofoam ball	RAPN	–	Face, content and construct117
	Porcine bowel	Intracorporeal bowel anastomosis	–	Face, content and construct118
	Chicken model	Urethrovesical anastomosis	–	Face and content119
	Porcine genitourinary tract	RARP	–	Face, content and construct120
Cadaveric	Fresh frozen cadavers	Basic skills	–	Face and content121
		RARP	–	Face122

Abbreviations: dVSS, da Vinci Skills Simulator; RARP, robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy; RoSS, Robotic Surgery Simulator; AR*, augmented reality; RARC, robotic-assisted radical cystectomy; RAPN, robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy.