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Possible molecular mechanisms between oxidative stress and beta-cell dysfunction leading to diabetes mellitus. Pdx-1: insulin promoter factor 1; MafA: a transcription factor; TLRs: toll-like receptors; Nf-κb: nuclear factor kappa b; p38 MAPK: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases; JNK/SAPK: stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase.
