Table 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported health, major depressive episode, and substance use of adolescents 12–17 years of age by level of opioid use in the United States 2015–2016.

	Number of participants	Opioid use without misuse	Opioid misuse without use disorder	Opioid use disorder
Sex
Male	14196	16.2 (15.5–17.0)	3.2 (2.8–3.6)	0.4 (0.3–0.5)
Female	13661	18.3 (17.3–19.2)	3.2 (2.9–3.6)	0.8 (0.6–1.0)
Race and ethnicity
White, Non-Hispanic	14935	17.6 (16.8–18.3)	3.1 (2.8–3.5)	0.5 (0.4–0.7)
Black, non-Hispanic	3621	18.5 (16.7–20.5)	3.7 (3.2–4.3)	0.5 (0.3–0.8)
Hispanic	6134	16.5 (15.2–17.9)	3.2 (2.6–3.9)	0.8 (0.6–1.1)
Other, non-Hispanic	3167	15.3 (13.1–17.8)	2.8 (2.1–3.7)	0.4 (0.2–0.7)
Total family income
Less than $20,000	4697	17.5 (16.3–18.8)	3.6 (3.0–4.3)	0.4 (0.3–0.7)
$20,000 - $49,999	8036	17.3 (16.3–18.5)	3.4 (3.0–3.9)	0.8 (0.6–1.0)
$50,000 - $74,999	4233	18.2 (16.7–19.9)	2.8 (2.2–3.5)	0.6 (0.3–1.2)
$75,000 or More	10891	16.7 (15.8–17.6)	3.1 (2.6–3.6)	0.5 (0.3–0.7)
County metro/nonmetro status
Large Metro	6379	14.9 (13.9–16.0)	2.8 (2.4–3.3)	0.5 (0.4–0.8)
Small Metro	5059	16.6 (15.4–17.8)	2.9 (2.3–3.7)	0.8 (0.5–1.30
Nonmetro	2834	15.9 (14.2–17.8)	3.0 (2.3–4.0)	0.7 (0.4–1.3)
Self reported overall health
Excellent	9481	15.8 (14.6–17.1)	2.4 (2.0–2.9)	0.2 (0.1–0.4)
Very Good	11528	17.4 (16.5–18.3)	3.3 (2.9–3.8)	0.5 (0.4–0.8)
Good	5748	19.1 (17.9–20.5)	4 (3.4–4.7)	0.9 (0.6–1.3)
Fair/Poor	1094	18.4 (15.7–21.4)	4.9 (3.5–6.7)	2.1 (1.2–3.5)
Major depressive episode
No	23548	16.5 (15.8–17.2)	2.7 (2.4–3.0)	0.3 (0.2–0.4)
Yes	3540	22.6 (20.4–24.9)	6.4 (5.5–7.4)	2.2 (1.6–3.1)
Any tobacco use past year
No	24615	16.5 (15.8–17.1)	2.1 (1.8–2.3)	0.3 (0.2–0.4)
Yes	3242	23.4 (21.6–25.3)	12.4 (11.2–13.6)	2.7 (2.1–3.4)
Any alcohol use past year
No	21590	15.3 (14.6–16.1)	1.6 (1.4–1.9)	0.2 (0.1–0.3)
Yes	6267	23.8 (22.5–25.1)	8.6 (8.0–9.3)	1.8 (1.4–2.3)
Any marijuana use past year
No	24285	16.8 (16.2–17.5)	1.8 (1.6–2.1)	0.3 (0.2–0.4)
Yes	3572	20.1 (18.4–21.9)	12.8 (11.5–14.2)	2.7(2.1–3.6)
Any illegal substance use past month (excluding marijuana)
No	27080	17.3 (16.7–18.0)	2.1 (1.9–2.4)	0.2 (0.2–0.3)
Yes	777	14.2 (10.8–18.4)	42.5 (38.1–47.0)	12.7 (9.9–16.1)
Any heroin use past year
No	27835	17.2 (16.6–17.9)	3.2 (2.9–3.5)	0.6 (0.4–0.7)
Yes	22	36.8 (16.9–62.4)	19.8 (6.8–45.9)	12.8 (3.4–38.0)

All values are weighted percentages (95% confidence intervals)