Table 3.

Multivariable multinomial logistic regression analysis of associations of sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported health, major depressive episode, and substance use with pain relief as the major motivator for misuse versus no opioid misuse & other motivation versus no opioid misuse among adolescents 12–17 years of age, United States: 2015–2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.

	Pain-relief versus No opioid misuse	Other motivations versus No opioid misuse
Sex
Male	1.0	1.0
Female	1.0 (0.7–1.4)	0.8 (0.6–1.0)
Race and ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	1.0	1.0
Black, non-Hispanic	1.5 (1.1–2.0) **	1.2 (0.9–1.8)
Hispanic	1.1 (0.7–1.8)	1.1 (0.8–1.5)
Other, non-Hispanic	0.9 (0.6–1.3)	0.9 (0.5–1.5)
Total family income
Less than $20,000	1.0	1.0
$20,000 - $49,999	1.2 (0.8–1.7)	1.0 (0.7–1.5)
$50,000 - $74,999	0.8 (0.5–1.1)	1.0 (0.6–1.6)
$75,000 or More	1.0 (0.7–1.4)	1.0 (0.7–1.5)
Self-reported overall health
Excellent	1.0	1.0
Very Good	1.3 (1.0–1.7)	1.3 (1.0–1.8)
Good	1.4 (1.0–1.9)*	1.6 (1.1–2.3)**
Fair/Poor	1.6 (0.9–3.0)	2.3 (1.3–3.8)**
Major depressive episode
No	1.0	1.0
Yes	1.7 (1.3–2.2)***	2.4 (1.9–3.0)***
Any history of substance use
No	1.0	1.0
Yes	5.4 (4.0–7.4)***	24.3 (16.4–36.0)***

^*(p < .05,

^**p < .01,

^*** p < .001).