Table 4.
Multivariable logistic regression models of the associations between quartiles of muscle area and lipid outcomes
| HDL-c < 40 mg·dL−1 | LDL-c > 160 mg·dL−1 | Triglycerides > 150 mg·dL−1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | OR [95% CI] | P | OR [95% CI] | P | OR [95% CI] | P |
| Total Abdominal Muscle area | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.49 [0.82, 2.69] | 0.19 | 0.60 [0.31, 1.17] | 0.14 | 0.64 [0.44, 0.95] | 0.03 |
| Q3 | 2.47 [1.33, 4.57] | <0.01 | 0.92 [0.46, 1.86] | 0.83 | 0.61 [0.39, 0.96] | 0.03 |
| Q4 | 2.46 [1.23, 4.93] | 0.01 | 0.54 [0.21, 1.36] | 0.19 | 0.62 [0.36, 1.07] | 0.09 |
| Stability Muscle area | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.84 [1.04, 3.27] | 0.04 | 0.37 [0.18, 0.77] | 0.01 | 0.58 [0.39, 0.85] | 0.01 |
| Q3 | 2.82 [1.57, 5.06] | <0.01 | 0.92 [0.48, 1.75] | 0.79 | 0.63 [0.41, 0.95] | 0.03 |
| Q4 | 2.38 [1.26, 4.51] | 0.01 | 0.51 [0.22, 1.18] | 0.12 | 0.63 [0.38, 1.03] | 0.07 |
| Locomotor Muscle area | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.33 [0.75, 2.36] | 0.33 | 1.18 [0.62, 2.22] | 0.62 | 0.78 [0.54, 1.14] | 0.20 |
| Q3 | 1.66 [0.86, 3.23] | 0.14 | 1.19 [0.53, 2.68] | 0.67 | 0.54 [0.33, 0.89] | 0.02 |
| Q4 | 2.31 [1.10, 4.87] | 0.03 | 1.35 [0.48, 3.79] | 0.57 | 0.45 [0.24, 0.82] | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | ||||||
| Total Abdominal Muscle area | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.43 [0.76, 2.67] | 0.27 | 0.59 [0.29, 1.20] | 0.15 | 0.63 [0.42, 0.93] | 0.02 |
| Q3 | 2.61 [1.36, 5.03] | <0.01 | 0.98 [0.48, 2.02] | 0.96 | 0.60 [0.38, 0.95] | 0.03 |
| Q4 | 2.73 [1.31, 5.03] | 0.01 | 0.55 [0.21, 1.41] | 0.22 | 0.57 [0.33, 1.00] | 0.05 |
| Stability Muscle area | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.66 [0.90, 3.07] | 0.10 | 0.36 [0.17, 0.77] | 0.01 | 0.58 [0.39, 0.86] | 0.01 |
| Q3 | 2.75 [1.48, 5.12] | <0.01 | 0.92 [0.47, 1.79] | 0.81 | 0.59 [0.38, 0.92] | 0.02 |
| Q4 | 2.43 [1.24, 4.78] | 0.01 | 0.49 [0.21, 1.14] | 0.10 | 0.60 [0.36, 1.00] | 0.05 |
| Locomotor Muscle area | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.61 [0.87, 2.96] | 0.13 | 1.26 [0.65, 2.42] | 0.50 | 0.77 [0.52, 1.13] | 0.18 |
| Q3 | 1.97 [0.97, 4.01] | 0.06 | 1.32 [0.57, 3.01] | 0.52 | 0.54 [0.32, 0.89] | 0.02 |
| Q4 | 2.62 [1.19, 5.76] | 0.02 | 1.43 [0.50, 4.09] | 0.50 | 0.44 [0.24, 0.81] | 0.01 |
| Model 3 | ||||||
| Total Abdominal Muscle area | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.61 [0.83, 3.15] | 0.16 | 0.63 [0.30, 1.30] | 0.21 | 0.59 [0.39, 0.89] | 0.01 |
| Q3 | 3.08 [1.51, 6.28] | <0.01 | 1.02 [0.47, 2.20] | 0.96 | 0.57 [0.35, 0.91] | 0.02 |
| Q4 | 3.39 [1.50, 7.64] | <0.01 | 0.53 [0.19, 1.48] | 0.23 | 0.55 [0.30, 1.01] | 0.05 |
| Stability Muscle area | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.75 [0.93, 3.29] | 0.08 | 0.39 [0.18, 0.83] | 0.01 | 0.55 [0.37, 0.82] | <0.01 |
| Q3 | 2.91 [1.52, 5.60] | <0.01 | 0.97 [0.48, 1.97] | 0.93 | 0.57 [0.36, 0.89] | 0.01 |
| Q4 | 2.69 [1.30, 5.59] | <0.01 | 0.48 [0.19, 1.20] | 0.12 | 0.60 [0.35, 1.04] | 0.07 |
| Locomotor Muscle area | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.61 [0.87, 3.00] | 0.13 | 1.27 [0.65, 2.47] | 0.49 | 0.73 [0.49, 1.08] | 0.12 |
| Q3 | 2.01 [0.97, 4.15] | 0.06 | 1.33 [0.57, 3.11] | 0.51 | 0.49 [0.29, 0.82] | 0.01 |
| Q4 | 2.69 [1.19, 6.09] | 0.02 | 1.46 [0.49, 4.32] | 0.49 | 0.38 [0.20, 0.72] | <0.01 |
HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Referent category: Quartile 1. Muscle area quartile cutpoints (cm2): total abdominal: Q1<77.02, Q2= 77.02–94.66, Q3=94.67–116.84, Q4≥116.85; stability: Q1<58.20, Q2=58.20–72.12, Q3=72.13–89.13, Q4≥89.14; locomotor: Q1<17.88, Q2=17.88–22.75, Q3=22.76–28.83, Q4≥28.84; Data are adjusted for Model 1: age, sex, race/ethnicity, height, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, lipid lower medication use, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sedentary behavior, subcutaneous abdominal fat area, visceral fat area, visceral fat density. Model 2: Model 1 plus leptin, resistin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, adiponectin and TNF-α. Model 3: Model 2 plus muscle density for the specific muscle group. HDL-c additionally adjusted for LDL-c and triglycerides; LDL-c additionally adjusted for HDL-c; Triglycerides additionally adjusted for HDL-c and LDL-c.