Table 1.
Characteristics and prevalence of complications among U.S. adults with young-onset type 2 and type 1 diabetes, NHIS, 2016–2017
| Type 1 diabetes† (n = 232) | Type 2 diabetes (n = 1,207) | P value# | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Age, mean, years | 42.6 (40.0–45.2) | 50.5 (49.4–51.7) | <0.001 |
| Age of diagnosis, mean, years | 19.0 (17.3–20.7) | 27.2 (26.5–27.9) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes, mean, years | 23.6 (21.3–25.9) | 23.3 (21.9–24.7) | 0.84 |
| Sex, % | |||
| Female | 47.9 (39.6–56.3) | 53.4 (49.6–57.3) | 0.24 |
| Male | 52.1 (43.7–60.4) | 46.6 (42.7–50.4) | |
| Race/ethnicity, % | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 79.1 (71.5–85.1) | 48.0 (43.8–52.3) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 7.4 (4.3–12.7) | 19.5 (16.8–22.6) | |
| Hispanic | 10.6 (6.0–17.8) | 23.3 (19.4–27.6) | |
| Other | 2.9 (1.3–6.5) | 9.2 (7.0–12.0) | |
| Family income level, % | |||
| Income-poverty ratio <200% | 29.3 (23.1–36.3) | 49.9 (46.0–53.9) | <0.001 |
| Income-poverty ratio ≥200% | 70.7 (63.7–76.9) | 50.1 (46.1–54.0) | |
| Education, % | |||
| <High school | 28.9 (22.3–36.6) | 51.6 (47.5–55.7) | <0.001 |
| ≥High school | 71.1 (63.4–77.7) | 48.4 (44.3–52.5) | |
| Health insurance status, % | |||
| Insured | 94.7 (90.7–97.0) | 89.7 (87.1–91.9) | 0.03 |
| Uninsured | 5.3 (3.0–9.3) | 10.3 (8.1–12.9) | |
| Health status characteristics | |||
| Ever diagnosed with hypertension, % | 36.4 (29.1–44.4) | 62.4 (58.5–66.1) | <0.001 |
| Ever diagnosed with high cholesterol, % | 46.6 (38.3–55.0) | 55.3 (51.5–59.0) | 0.07 |
| Family history of diabetes, % | 51.2 (43.2–59.1) | 79.7 (76.6–82.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI, mean, kg/m2 | 29.3 (25.7–31.1) | 34.5 (33.7–35.4) | <0.001 |
| Obese‡, % | 26.2 (20.0–33.5) | 60.8 (56.9–64.5) | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, % | 15.7 (11.0–21.7) | 18.8 (16.2–21.7) | 0.33 |
| Physically inactive§, % | 35.3 (28.4–42.9) | 45.2 (41.6–48.9) | 0.02 |
| Current treatment, % | |||
| Oral antidiabetes drugs only | 0.0 | 50.1 (46.5–53.6) | <0.001 |
| Insulin only | 89.7 (84.0–93.4) | 10.2 (8.3–12.5) | |
| Both insulin and oral antidiabetes drugs | 10.3 (6.6–16.0) | 21.0 (18.1–24.2) | |
| Neither insulin nor oral antidiabetes drugs | 0.0 | 18.8 (16.0–22.0) | |
| Complications | |||
| Any CVD, %∥ | 23.1 (16.5–29.7) | 28.3 (25.1–31.5) | 0.18 |
| Coronary heart disease | 10.7 (5.3–16.1) | 11.2 (8.8–13.5) | 0.87 |
| Angina | 2.2¶ (0.6–3.7) | 5.7 (4.0–7.5) | 0.01 |
| Heart attack | 8.8 (3.7–13.8) | 7.8 (5.9–9.7) | 0.71 |
| Other heart condition | 15.7 (9.5–21.9) | 13.8 (11.2–16.3) | 0.56 |
| Stroke | 6.0 (2.8–9.2) | 8.7 (6.6–10.7) | 0.21 |
| Kidney disease, % | 10.4 (5.1–15.6) | 8.5 (6.6–10.4) | 0.49 |
| Retinopathy, % | 24.7 (17.1–32.2) | 11.4 (8.9–13.9) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean or percentage with 95% CI in parentheses. Estimates were weighted and based on pooled data from the 2016 and 2017 waves of the NHIS. Young-onset diabetes was defined as a self-reported diagnosis of diabetes by a health care provider before the age of 40 years.
Type 1 diabetes was defined as self-report of type 1 diabetes and current insulin use.
Respondents with a reported BMI ≥30 were classified as obese.
Respondents who reported performing no physical activity during their leisure time were classified as physically inactive.
Respondents who reported ever being diagnosed with coronary heart disease, angina, myocardial infarction, any other heart conditions, or stroke were classified as having CVD.
Estimate may be unreliable because of large relative SE (>30%) and should be interpreted with caution.
P values are from χ2 (for categorical measures) and t tests (for continuous measures) assessing differences across diabetes subtype.