Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and summary statistics by maintenance group and overall
| Maintainer (N = 3,150) | Reverter (N = 134) | Overall (N = 3,284) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at positivity (years) | 13.1 ± 10.9 | 19.4 ± 14.4 | 13.3 ± 11.1 | <0.001 |
| Age, range (years) | 0.6–49.0 | 1.3–45.6 | 0.6–49.0 | |
| Follow-up (years) | 2.1 ± 2.3 | 5.2 ± 2.8 | 2.2 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| Age group | <0.001 | |||
| 0–8 years | 1,213 (38.5) | 31 (23.1) | 1,244 (37.9) | |
| 9–12 years | 763 (24.2) | 28 (20.9) | 791 (24.1) | |
| 13–18 years | 612 (19.4) | 28 (20.9) | 640 (19.5) | |
| >18 years | 562 (17.8) | 47 (35.1) | 609 (18.5) | |
| Sex, male | 1,649 (53.3) | 64 (49.2) | 1,713 (53.1) | 0.414 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 20.1 ± 6.0 | 21.9 ± 7.1 | 20.2 ± 6.0 | 0.001 |
| BMI (z score) | 0.45 ± 1.15 | 0.47 ± 1.09 | 0.45 ± 1.15 | 0.824 |
| Number of positive AAB | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| OGTT interpretation | 0.704 | |||
| Normal glucose tolerance | 1,772 (70.5) | 84 (73.7) | 1,856 (70.6) | |
| Abnormal glucose tolerance | 706 (28.1) | 28 (24.6) | 734 (27.9) | |
| Diabetic range* | 37 (1.5) | 2 (1.8) | 39 (1.5) | |
| Protective HLA† | 93 (3.2) | 8 (6.1) | 101 (3.4) | 0.124 |
| HLA-DR3 | 1,327 (46.1) | 58 (44.3) | 1,385 (46.0) | 0.750 |
| HLA-DR4 | 1,823 (63.3) | 75 (57.3) | 1,898 (63.1) | 0.187 |
| HLA-DR3 or -DR4 | 2,442 (84.9) | 109 (83.2) | 2,551 (84.8) | 0.698 |
| HLA-DR3 and -DR4 | 708 (24.6) | 24 (18.3) | 732 (24.3) | 0.125 |
| Positive AAB at study enrollment‡ | ||||
| MIAA | 1,796 (57.0) | 44 (32.8) | 1,840 (56.0) | <0.001 |
| ICA | 2,410 (76.6) | 94 (70.1) | 2,504 (76.3) | 0.106 |
| GADA | 2,907 (92.3) | 129 (96.3) | 3,036 (92.4) | 0.123 |
| IA2A | 1,820 (57.8) | 27 (20.1) | 1,847 (56.2) | <0.001 |
| ZNT8A | 1,507 (61.3) | 15 (16.7) | 1,522 (59.7) | <0.001 |
Data are n (%) or mean ± SD. AAB, autoantibody; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.
*
Participants who had a single OGTT in the diabetic reference range but subsequent tests reverted to abnormal or normal glucose tolerance.
†
HLA-DQB1*0602.
‡
Positive results from both the standard and harmonized assays were included. If both standard and harmonized assay results were available at a particular time point, results from the harmonized assay were used.