Figure 4.

Succinate supplement elicited intracellular succinate accumulation, pseudohypoxia condition, and glycolysis. The intracellular succinate in cell lysates and extracellular succinate in supernatants were assessed (n = 3) (a, b). Changes in PHD2 and HIF-1α at 2 h after succinate treatment were measured by western blot (c). The mRNA and protein of genes involved in the OxPhos and glycolysis were analyzed at 4 h by qPCR and at 24 h by western blot, respectively (d, e). SDH activity was measured by ELISA after 6 h stimulation (n = 3) (f). Blots were representative of 3 independent tests. ^∗p < 0.05, relative to control; ^∗∗p < 0.01 relative to control.