Table 1.

Participant characteristics

	Study 1 (n=2,139)		Study 2 (n=670)		Study 3 (n=1,006)
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Age in years
Mean (SD)	43	(15)	37	(13)	39	(12)
Range	[18–85]		[18–82]		[20–76]
Gender
Female	1,187	55.5	343	51.2	458	45.9
Male	952	44.5	327	48.8	537	53.8
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual	207	9.7	80	11.9	120	12.1
Hispanic	211	9.9	65	9.9	138	13.7
Race
American Indian or Alaskan Native	41	2.0	6	0.9	7	0.7
Asian	79	3.8	33	5.1	62	6.3
Black or African American	216	10.3	80	12.3	137	13.8
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander	10	0.5	1	0.2	4	0.4
White	1,703	80.8	492	75.5	760	76.6
Other	58	2.8	40	6.1	22	2.2
Education
High school graduate or less	650	30.4	189	28.2	113	11.3
Some college	662	31.0	222	33.1	192	19.2
College graduate or associates degree	682	32.0	218	32.5	549	55.0
Graduate degree	142	6.6	41	6.1	145	14.5
Household income, annual
$0-$24,999	562	26.3	173	25.8	158	15.7
$25,000–$49,999	697	32.6	213	31.8	325	32.3
$50,000–$74,999	427	20.0	123	18.4	250	24.9
$75,000+	453	21.2	161	24.0	273	27.1
Low income1	1,102	47.4	320	48.1	349	35.0
1+ child ages 0–18 in household	--	--	--	--	427	42.5
Tobacco use
Current e-cigarette user only	432	20.2	302	45.1	81	8.1
Current smoker only	833	38.9	0	0.0	135	13.5
Dual e-cigarette user and smoker	874	40.9	368	54.9	130	13.0
Not current e-cigarette user or smoker	0	0.0	0	0.0	653	65.4
Frequency of fruit drink consumption
Never	444	20.8	120	17.9	315	31.3
<1 time per week	504	23.6	131	19.6	226	22.5
1–6 times per week	936	43.8	325	48.5	359	35.7
1+ times per day	255	11.9	94	14.0	106	10.5

Note. Missing demographic data range from 0% to 2.7%. -- = not assessed.

¹<200% of 2018 federal poverty level