TABLE 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Total sample (N = 272) | Bipolar 1 disorder (n = 77) | Bipolar II disorder (n = 68) | Bipolar disorder NOS (n = 52) | Major depressive disorder (n = 75) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 14.5 (2.4) | 15.4a (1.5) | 15.9a (1.4) | 12.6b(2.6) | 13.6c(2.3) | <.001 |
| Hollingshead SES*, mean (SD) | 3.6(1.2) | 3.6(1.2) | 3.7(1.2) | 3.9 (0.9) | 3.4 (1.0) | .2 |
| Female participants, N (%) | 149 (54.8) | 39 (50.6) | 28 (41.2) | 37(71.2) | 45 (60.0) | .1 |
| Non-White participants, N (%) | 47 (17.3) | 13 (16.9) | 11 (16.2) | 10 (19.2) | 13 (17.3) | .9 |
| Hispanic participants, N (%) | 35 (12.9) | 6 (7.8) | 6 (8.8) | 10 (19.2) | 13 (17.3) | .1 |
| Clinical characteristics, mean (SD) | ||||||
| K-SADS MRS | 22.0 (12.7) | 31.4a (11.5) | 25.6b (10.4) | 20.3c (8.4) | 10.1d (7.3) | <.001 |
| K-SADS DRS | 24.0 (10.1) | 23.9a (12.0) | 27.4b (9.0) | 20.8a (9.6) | 23.4a (8.1) | .01 |
| Comorbid disorders, N (%) | ||||||
| Anxiety disorder | 138 (50.7) | 25 (32.5)a | 32 (47.1)a,b | 34(65.3)c | 47 (62.7)b,c | <.001 |
| ADHD | 97 (35.7) | 27 (35.1) | 21 (30.9) | 22 (42.3) | 27 (36.0) | .6 |
| ODD/CD | 74 (27.2) | 27(35.1) | 15 (22.1) | 17 (32.7) | 15 (20.0) | .1 |
| Medications, N (%) | ||||||
| Any psychotropic | 189 (69.5) | 73 (94.8)a | 49 (72.1)b | 28 (53.8)b,c | 39 (52.0)c | <.001 |
| Anticonvulsant | 33(12.1) | 11 (14.3)a,b,c | 5 (7.4)c | 12 (23.1)b | 5 (6.7)a,c | .01 |
| Antidepressant | 71 (26.1) | 13 (16.9)a | 14 (20.6)a,b | 16 (30.8)b,c | 28 (37.3)c | .006 |
| Antipsychotic | 121 (44.5) | 61 (79.2)a | 31 (45.6)b | 16 (30.8)b,c | 14 (18.7)c | <.001 |
| Lithium | 25 (9.2) | 17 (22.1)a | 7 (10.3)a | 0 (0.0)b | 1 (1.3)b | <.001 |
| Stimulant | 43(15.8) | 12(15.6) | 8 (11.8) | 9 (17.3) | 14 (18.7) | .6 |
Note: Each superscript letter within a row denotes classes whose column proportions or means do not significantly differ from each other at the P < .05 level.
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; CD/ODD, conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder; K-SADS DRS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Depression Rating Scale; K-SADS MRS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Mania Rating Scale; NOS, not otherwise specified.
*
Higher values indicate higher education, income, and occupation; a value of 3 indicates middle class.