Table 1.

Altered Biochemical Pathways Assessed from Redox Proteomics-Identified, Oxidatively Modified^a Brain Proteins in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment, Early-Stage AD, Late-Stage AD, Down Syndrome, and Down Syndrome with AD Neuropathology and Dementia^b

Glucose Metabolism

Synaptic Plasticity, Vesicle-mediated Transport and Cell Structure

Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Detoxification

Excitotoxicity

Protein Synthesis

Protein Folding and Degradation

Cell Signaling

Neuroinflammation

^a.Proteins modified by protein carbonyls, bound HNE, or resident 3-nitrotyrosine

^b.Refs.: Butterfield and Halliwell, 2019; Butterfield and Boyd-Kimball, 2019