Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of subjects.
| Characteristics | All subjects | INT‐OBS group | OBS‐INT group |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 136) | (n = 70) | (n = 66) | |
| Age, mean ± SD | 77.3 ± 6.3 | 77.6 ± 6.8 | 77.0 ± 5.6 |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 47 (34.6%) | 24 (34.3%) | 23 (34.8%) |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||
| Dementia | 6 (4.4%) | 3 (4.3%) | 3 (4.5%) |
| Hypertension | 72 (52.9%) | 35 (50.0%) | 37 (56.1%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 17 (12.5%) | 10 (14.3%) | 7 (10.6%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 30 (22.1%) | 15 (21.4%) | 15 (22.7%) |
| Cognitive function, mean ± SD | |||
| TDAS score | 7.0 ± 5.7 | 7.2 ± 5.9 | 6.8 ± 5.5 |
| Physical function, mean ± SD | |||
| Grip strength (kg) | 24.8 ± 6.6 | 23.8 ± 6.0 | 26.0 ± 6.9 |
| Sit‐to‐stand test (n/30 sec) | 16.6 ± 5.3 | 16.6 ± 5.4 | 16.7 ± 5.3 |
| One‐leg standing (sec) | 23.4 ± 23.2 | 23.8 ± 24.3 | 23.1 ± 22.0 |
| Anteflexion on sitting (cm) | 31.7 ± 8.2 | 30.9 ± 8.6 | 32.5 ± 7.7 |
| Ultrasonography, mean ± SD | |||
| Plaque scores (mm) | 2.7 ± 2.5 | 2.5 ± 2.5 | 2.9 ± 2.4 |
| Blood tests, mean ± SD | |||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193.0 ± 32.4 | 195.2 ± 34.8 | 190.7 ± 29.6 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58.9 ± 13.0 | 59.1 ± 13.3 | 58.8 ± 12.6 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108.4 ± 26.3 | 111.2 ± 26.1 | 105.4 ± 26.2 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 122.8 ± 45.3 | 124.1 ± 51.8 | 121.4 ± 37.0 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 0.5 |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 7.1 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.4 | 7.1 ± 0.4 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.3 |
| MRI, mean ± SD | |||
| Number, n | 105 | 52 | 53 |
| VARAD (z‐score) | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.8 |
INT, intervention; OBS, observation; TDAS, Touch Panel‐type Dementia Assessment Scale; VSRAD, voxel‐based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease.