Table 2.
Results of cognitive test, physical examination, ultrasonography test, and MRI test.
| INT‐OBS group§ | OBS‐INT group¶ | INT‐OBS vs. OBS‐INT group (P value) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | P value | Mean ± SD | P value | INT period | OBS period | |
| TDAS | ||||||
| Baseline test | 7.2 ± 5.9 | 0.434 | 6.8 ± 5.5 | 0.034† | 0.431 | 0.187 |
| Second test | 6.8 ± 5.9 | 7.3 ± 7.1 | ||||
| Third test | 7.7 ± 7.0 | 4.9 ± 4.3 | ||||
| Grip strength (kg) | ||||||
| Baseline test | 23.8 ± 6.0 | <0.001†‡ | 26.0 ± 6.9 | <0.001†‡ | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Second test | 24.0 ± 6.5 | 25.2 ± 7.0 | ||||
| Third test | 26.0 ± 6.3 | 26.5 ± 7.7 | ||||
| Sit‐to‐stand test (n/30s) | ||||||
| Baseline test | 16.6 ± 5.4 | <0.001†‡ | 16.7 ± 5.3 | <0.001*, †, ‡ | 0.011 | 0.012 |
| Second test | 17.8 ± 6.0 | 17.2 ± 5.0 | ||||
| Third test | 19.8 ± 6.5 | 20.1 ± 5.4 | ||||
| One‐leg standing time (sec) | ||||||
| Baseline test | 23.8 ± 24.3 | <0.001*, † | 23.1 ± 22.0 | <0.001*, † | 0.197 | 0.064 |
| Second test | 31.9 ± 22.9 | 32.4 ± 23.7 | ||||
| Third test | 36.6 ± 21.7 | 39.5 ± 21.3 | ||||
| Anteflexion on sitting (cm) | ||||||
| Baseline test | 30.9 ± 8.6 | <0.001† | 32.5 ± 7.7 | <0.001†‡ | 0.342 | 0.003 |
| Second test | 32.2 ± 6.7 | 31.9 ± 7.9 | ||||
| Third test | 34.3 ± 7.4 | 35.0 ± 7.7 | ||||
| Plaque scores (mm) | ||||||
| Baseline test | 2.5 ± 2.5 | 2.9 ± 2.4 | ||||
| Second test | 2.9 ± 2.6 | 0.231 | 3.4 ± 2.7 | 0.189 | 0.049 | 0.051 |
| Third test | 2.6 ± 2.3 | 2.8 ± 2.2 | ||||
| VSRAD (z‐score) | ||||||
| Baseline test | 1.46 ± 0.79 | 0.361 | 1.42 ± 0.83 | 0.871 | – | |
| Second test | – | – | ||||
| Third test | 1.35 ± 0.55 | 1.40 ± 0.83 | ||||
INT, intervention; OBS, observation; TDAS, Touch Panel‐type Dementia Assessment Scale; VSRAD, voxel‐based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease.
Significant difference between Baseline and Second test by post hoc test (P < 0.05).
Significant difference between Baseline and Third test by post hoc test (P < 0.05).
Significant difference between Second and Third test by post hoc test (P < 0.05).
Sample sizes for tests other than VSRAD analysis are n = 70 (Baseline test), n = 63 (Second test), and n = 60 (Third test). For VSRAD analysis, sample sizes are n = 52 (Baseline test) and n = 41 (Third test).
Sample sizes for test other than VSRAD analysis are n = 66 (Baseline test), n = 65 (Second test), and n = 54 (Third test). For VSRAD analysis, sample sizes are n = 53 (Baseline test) and n = 43 (Third test).