Table 1. Examples of bacterial species involved in biofilm formation and their biological effects.

Bacterial strain	Gram stain	Types of infections	Reference
Staphylococcus aureus	Gram-positive	Chronic biofilm infections, right valve endocarditis, chronic wound infection, lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis	10-12
Staphylococcus epidermidis	Gram-positive	Endocarditis, catheter-related infection, joint prosthesis infection	13-15
Streptococcus pneumoniae	Gram-positive	Lung infections, bacterial meningitis, acute or chronic otitis media	16
Listeria monocytogenes	Gram-positive	Co-culture interactions with Pseudomonas, Vibrio strains, listeriosis, contamination of food products	17,18
Burkholderia cepacia	Gram-negative	Opportunistic infections in patients with blood cancer	19
Escherichia coli	Gram-negative	Hemolytic uremic syndrome, acute diarrheic syndrome, urinary tract infections	20
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Gram-negative	Bacteremia, liver abscess, urinary tract infections	21
Pseudomonas putida	Gram-negative	Urinary tract infection	22,23
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Gram-negative	Osteomyelitis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis, opportunistic infections in neutropenic patients, nosocomial infections	10
Pseudomonas fluorescens	Gram-negative	Bioremediation, biocontrol- Pythium, Fusarium, antimicrobial properties – production of mupirocin	17,24-26
Rhizobium leguminosarum	Gram-negative	Biocontrol properties – Pythium	27
Lactobacillus plantarum	Gram-positive	Prevention of Salmonella infection	22,28
Lactococcus lactis	Gram-positive	Antimicrobial properties in the human gastro-intestinal tract	29