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. 2020 Feb 20;11(10):2749–2758. doi: 10.7150/jca.37445

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This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions.

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The gut microbiota and therapeutic effects in the cancerous pancreas. The gut microbiota has impacts on host immunity, the tumor microenvironment (TME) of PDAC and the effects of therapeutic agents. Antibiotics cause depletion of some bacterial species, leading to augmented antitumor responses. The cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutics are attenuated by the microbiota in the gut and within the pancreas or tumor. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) usually result in poor responses in immunosuppressive patients with PDAC. Antibiotics induce TME remodeling and enhance anti-PD-1 efficacy. In addition, the components and functions of the microbiota are modified by the host immune response and therapeutic drugs.