Ishiko 2001 S.

Methods	Randomised controlled trial Duration of study 2 years Monthly uterine ultrasound examination and 6‐monthly endometrial PAP smears Setting: Japan
Participants	66 post‐menopausal women with stress urinary incontinence, age 54 to 75 years, groups comparable at baseline Dropouts: a further 6 by choice, 1 for adverse drug reaction hepatopathy): A, 4; B, 3 Inclusion criteria: stress urinary incontinence alone (based on questionnaires) Exclusion criteria: urgency or mixed urinary incontinence 10% of women had a previous hysterectomy
Interventions	A (32): PFMT + oestriol tablet (1 mg/day) B (34): PFMT alone PFMT was taught by a gynaecology specialist, supplemented by videotape. The aim was 15 minutes of exercise a day
Outcomes	Persisting incontinence: A: 7/32; B, 11/34 (Mild UI: A, 0/12; B, 2/11: Moderate UI: A, 3/14; B, 5/18: Severe UI: A, 4/6; B, 4/5) Adverse effects: A: 1/36; B, 0/37 No report of effect on uterus
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	no description
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Randomly assigned
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	4 out of 36 withdrew from exercise and oestrogen group 3 out of 37 from exercise only group