Table 3.
Clinical and Echocardiographic Factors at the Time of Prenatal Diagnosis Associated With Perinatal Mortality (n=215)
| Nonsurvivors (n=97) | Survivors (n=118) | Unadjusted UVA OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted UVA P Value | MVA* OR (95% CI) | MVA P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age at diagnosis, y | 29.6±6.3 | 29.9±6.6 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 0.79 | ||
| GA at diagnosis, wk | 25.9±5.0 | 29.1±5.8 | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | <0.001 | ||
| GA at diagnosis <24 wk | 39 (40) | 26 (22) | 2.4 (1.3–4.3) | 0.004 | ||
| GA at diagnosis <32 wk | 87 (90) | 73 (62) | 5.6 (2.6–11.8) | <0.001 | 8.6 (3.5–21.0) | <0.001 |
| CTA ratio† | 0.47±0.12 | 0.40±0.11 | 1.6‡ (1.2–2.0) | <0.001 | ||
| ≥ Moderate TR | 86 (89) | 84 (71) | 3.1 (1.5–6.5) | 0.003 | ||
| TV annulus diameter z-score | 6.8±3.0 | 4.3±2.7 | 1.4 (1.2–1.5) | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | <0.001 |
| TR vena contracta diameter, cm | 0.5±0.2 | 0.4±0.2 | 4.5 (1.2–17.8) | 0.03 | ||
| TR jet velocity,† m/s (n=152) | 2.3±0.6 | 2.9±0.7 | 0.25 (0.14–0.45) | <0.001 | ||
| Abnormal TV inflow pattern† (n=171) | 28 (36%) | 31 (33%) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 0.60 | ||
| PV annulus z-score | −1.9±1.7 | −1.6±1.4 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.25 | ||
| No antegrade PV flow | 65 (67) | 46 (39) | 3.6 (2.0–6.4) | <0.001 | ||
| Retrograde duct flow | 78 (80) | 62 (53) | 4.7 (2.4–9.1) | <0.001 | ||
| Pulmonary regurgitation | 44 (45) | 24 (20) | 3.4 (1.9–6.3) | <0.001 | 2.9 (1.4–6.2) | <0.001 |
| Depressed RV function | 37 (38) | 31 (27) | 1.8 (1.0–3.2) | 0.05 | ||
| Depressed LV function | 22 (23) | 11 (9) | 2.9 (1.3–6.2) | 0.009 | ||
| Pericardial effusion | 32 (33) | 16 (14) | 3.1 (1.6–6.2) | 0.001 | 2.5 (1.1–6.0) | 0.04 |
| Hydrops | 10 (10) | 4 (4) | 3.3 (1.0–10.8) | 0.05 | ||
| Arrhythmia | 4 (4) | 9 (8) | 0.5 (0.2–1.7) | 0.52 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or frequency (%). CI indicates confidence interval; CTA, cardiothoracic area; GA, gestational age; LV, left ventricle; MVA, multivariable analysis; OR, odds ratio; PV, pulmonary valve; RV, right ventricle; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; TV, tricuspid valve; and UVA, univariable analysis.
MVA models were developed with and without TR jet velocity owing to the relatively large number of patients with missing data. In the model with TR jet velocity, this potential covariate was not retained; therefore, only the model without TR jet velocity is presented.
Data not available for all patients.
ORs are for every 0.1 difference in the CTA ratio (ie, 0.4 vs 0.5).