Table 3.

Properties and specificities of carbohydrate-binding agents derived from plants used to target viruses

Acronym	Source of lectin	Common name	Major specificity	Virus	References
HHA	Hippeastrum hybrid	Amaryllis bulbs	α1,3-mannose and/or α1,6-mannose	SIV, HCV, DENV1–4	[94–96]
GNA	Galanthus nivalis	Snowdrop	High-mannose structures, multiple terminal mannose α1,3-mannose	HCV, HIV-1, DENV1–4	[94, 96]
ConA	Canavalia ensiformis	Jack bean	Terminal mannosyl residues	DENV2	[97]
NTL	Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis	Chinese daffodil	Similar to GNA	RSV, various strains of influenza virus A and B	[98, 99]
NPA	Narcissus pseudonarcissus	Daffodil or Lent lily	α-d-mannose	HIV-1	[100]
CA	Cymbidium hybrid	Cymbidium (orchid)	Mannose-specific, d-mannose	HIV-1 and 2, CMV, influenza A, HCV	[94, 101]
EHA	Epipactis helleborine	Broad-leaved helleborine	Mannose-specific, d-mannose	HIV-1 and 2, CMV, influenza A	[101]
TDL	Typhonium divaricatum (L.) Decne	Rodent tuber	Mannose-specific	HSV-2	[102]
SGM2	Smilax glabra	Sarsaparilla	Mannose and/or mannan	HSV-1, RSV	[103]
PpeL	Parkia pendula	Acacia (male)	Terminal mannosyl residues, glucose	CMV, herpes virus 6	[104]
PCL	Polygonatum cyrtonema	Giant Chinese Solomon’s seal	Mannose and sialic acid	HIV-1 and HIV-2	[105]
BanLec	Musa acuminate	Banana	High-mannose structures	HIV-1	[106]
WGA	Triticum vulgaris	Wheatgerm	GlcNAc oligomers, N-acetyl lactosamine, some sialic acid residues	DENV2	[107]
UDA	Urtica dioica	Stinging nettle root	GlcNAc oligomers, Galβ1,4-GlcNAcβ1	CMV, coronaviruses, SIV, DENV1–4	[95, 96, 101, 107]
JFL	Artocarpus heterophyllus	Jackfruit	N-acetyl-α-d-galactosamine	HSV-2, VZV, CMV	[108]

SIV = simian immunodeficiency virus; CMV = cytomegalovirus; DENV = dengue virus; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; RSV = respiratory syncytial virus; HSV = herpes simplex virus; VZV = varicella-zoster virus