Table 5.

Costs of influenza per case, in euro

Children
GP visit (32% chance)	6.68
Otitis media (0.28% chance)	17.38
Pneumonia (12% chance)	16.45
Hospitalisation (0.07% chance)	2.45
Hospitalisation (sequelae pneumonia 0.7 per 100,000)	3.61
Loss of human capital (3 days off school, 5% return)	92.88
Parent stays home (50% of time, labor market particip. 0.65)	95.70
Value of statistical life	1.3–7.5 million
Probability of death	1.71 per 100,000
Cost of death	22–128
Adults
Absent from work (2 days of work at average wage)	74
Reduced productivity (0.7 days at 50%)	12.96
GP visit (45% chance)	9.45
Hospitalisation (0.04% chance)	1.80
Value of statistical life	1.3–7.5 million
Probability of death	4.82 per 100,000
Cost of death	63–361
Elderly
Outpatient visit	219
Hospital	476
Value of statistical life	1.3–7.5 million
Probability of death	205.19 per 100,000
Cost of death	2667–15,389

Data on costs and health-care use are taken from [33] for children, from [31] for adults and from [27] for the elderly. These studies weight medical costs by the probability of health-care usage. Data on mortality from influenza by age group comes from the National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol 65, No 4, June 2016. We have taken the average rate of mortality from 2005 to 2014 by age group. Data on wages are taken from INSEE, “Revenus salariaux médians des salariés de 25 à 55 ans selon le sexe en 2014” (http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?regid=0&refid=NATnon04146). Labor market participation data come from OECD skill data set. All US dollars are converted into euros with an exchange rate of 0.8. Loss of human capital is costed using a return to schooling of 5 percent, median wages by sex and average labor market participation by sex over a period of 42 years. Net present value numbers are displayed and calculated with a discount factor equal to 0.95.