Table 1.

Bacterial agents postulated as IBD triggers: animal disease parallels and human evidence to date of link to IBD

Organism	Animal disease parallel	Animal	Equivalent human IBD	Human detection	Key references
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis	Johne’s disease	Cattle	Crohns’ disease	DNA, RNA, culture	[47, 49–52]
Non-pylori Helicobacter	Cotton-top Tamarin colitis	Cotton-top Tamarin monkeys	UC	DNA	[56–58, 64, 68–70, 117]
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli	Boxer dog colitis	Boxer dog	Ileal Crohn’s disease	Culture	[71–73, 76–78]
Campylobacter concisus	N/A	N/A	Crohn’s disease	DNA, culture	[85]