Table 1.

Emerging Infectious Human Pathogens of Zoonotic Origin Detected in Non-human Hosts (Domestic or Wild) Prior to or Concurrent with Emergence in Human Populations^a

Zoonotic pathogen	Non-human hostb
Bacillus anthracis	Sheep; domestic
Francisella tularensis	Voles; peridomestic
Hendra	Horses; domestic
Influenza A; H5N1	Chickens; domestic
Kyasanur forest disease virus	Monkeys; wild
Menangle virus	Pigs; domestic
Salmonella typhimurium drug-res	Calves; domestic
Salmonella typhimurium multidrug-res	Calves; domestic
Seoul virusc	Rats; peridomestic
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus	Horses, mules, donkeys; domestic
Whitewater Arroyo virusc	Rodents; wild
Yersinia pestis	Prairie dogs; wild
Yersinia pestis multiple drug-res	Rats; peridomestic

^aAn emerging pathogen is defined in Jones et al. (2008) as pathogens that make a first appearance in humans, those that have been known as human pathogens but reappear in higher incidence, as well as new strains of pathogens (see Jones et al. 2008 for detailed methodology of the list).

^bAnimal in which the pathogen was detected concurrently or prior to emergence in humans and whether these animals were domestic or wild. See Online Appendix 1 for a full list of pathogens included in this analysis.

^cPathogens that do not cause extended morbidity or mortality in non-human hosts.