Fig. 2.

Photoactive surfaces allow for adsorbed carbohydrates to bind to the surface. a A phthalimide self-assembled monolayer can bind underivatized carbohydrates to the surface most likely by hydrogen abstraction followed by radical recombination. b A phthalimide–amine mixed surface enhances carbohydrate adsorption to the surface when a robotic spotter is used. Subsequent irradiation binds the sugars to the surface. c An aziridine derivatized polysaccharide film can bind spotted carbohydrates to the surface after irradiation by forming a carbene that reacts with adsorbed sugars. Carbohydrates immobilized on surfaces (b and c) have been shown to recognize appropriate antibodies and lectins