Table 1.

Comparison of stable (nuclear, chloroplast) and transient expression systems

Type of transformation	Host plant/location	Vector/promoter	Recombinant protein	Expression level	Reference
Stable expression
Nuclear transformation	Rice endosperm	Tapur promoter	Human lysozyme	41.6 µg/grain	Hennegan et al. (2005)
	Tobacco cell compartments	pTRA	Haemagglutinin surface protein	640–1,440 mg/kg	Mortimer et al. (2012)
	Rice Seeds	CaMV-35S	Cholera toxin B (CTB)	0.3 %	Gunn et al. (2012)
	Tobacco	CaMV-35S	Heat labile enterotoxin B	1.6 %	Larsen and Curtis (2012)
	Soybean	ubi3	Heat labile enterotoxin B	>2.0 %	Moravec et al. (2007)
	Carrot	CaMV-35S	Heat labile enterotoxin B	3.0 µg/g	Rosales-Mendoza et al. (2008)
Chloroplast transformation	Tobacco leaves	rice psbA promoter-E2	pE2 polypeptide	pE2 polypeptide	Zhou et al. (2006)
	Tobacco	NEP promoter	HPV 16-L1 capsomere	1.5 %	Waheed et al. (2012)
	Tobacco	psbA promoter	HCV core Protein	0.1 % TLP	Hiroi and Takaiwa (2006)
	Tobacco	prrn promoter	C4V3 protein	25 µg/g FW	Tregoning et al. (2005)
	Sugarbeet	prrn promoter	GFP	NA	Haq et al. (1995)
	Brassica	16S rRNA promoter	Anti-spectinomycin	NA	Turpen et al. (1995)
Transient expression
Epitope presentation	Tobacco	CMVCP–F/HN	CMV VLPs	1–2 mg/ml	(Rigano et al. 2013)
	Tobacco	Potato virus X	HPV-16 L2	170 mg/kg	McCormick et al. (2008)
	Tobacco	Potato virus X Alt. mosaic virus	Influenza virus M2E	1–3 mg/g	Mason et al. (1998)
Agroinfilteration	Tobacco	Binary vector	GFP/HFBI	38 %	Itakura et al. (1977)
	Tobacco	Ptrac	HIV-1 pr55GAG	0.3 %	Pillai and Panchagnula (2001)
	Tobacco	Binary vector	HIV monoclonal antibody 2G12	NA	Mishra et al. (2008)
	Tomato	Pepino mosaic virus PepMV	FMDV 2A catalytic peptide	0.2–0.4 g/kg	Boothe et al. (2010)
magniCON	Tobacco	PVX amplicon vector	COPV L1-protein	NA	Azhakanandam et al. (2007)
	Tobacco	TRBO	GFP, HA peptide	3.3–5.5 g/kg	Lindbo (2007a)
	Tobacco	TMV vector	GFP	NA	Lindbo (2007b)
	Tobacco	pTBSV	HBc (VLPs), GFP	0.8 mg/g FW	Huang et al. (2009)
	Tobacco	TMV-Gate vector	GFP, GUS	2.5–4.7 mg/g	Kagale et al. (2012)
Suspension cell culture	Tobacco	CaMV-35S	Active dust mite allergens	NA	Lindbo (2007b)
	Tobacco	CaMV-35S	GUS	0.03–0.12 %	Broothaerts et al. (2005)
Targeted specific expression	Tomato fruit	Pepino mosaic virus PepMV	FMDV 2A catalytic peptide	0.2–0.4 g/kg	Sempere et al. (2011)
	Rice seeds	CaMV-35S	Cholera toxin B (CTB)	0.3 %	Gunn et al. (2012)
	Rice endosperm	Tapur promoter	Human lysozyme	41.6 µg/grain	Hennegan et al. (2005)
Virus induced gene silencing (VIGS)	Soyabean	Apple latent spherical Virus (ALSV) vector	–	Transmission of silencing (20–30 %)	Yamagishi and Yoshikawa (2009), Sasaki et al. (2011)
	Wheat spike	Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) vector	NA	NA	Ma et al. (2012a,  b)
Viral like particles (VLPs)	Tobacco	Binary vector pPSP19	Hepatitis B core antigen	0.8 mg/g FW	(Huang et al.  2009)
	Tobacco	Chimeric double CaMV-35S promoter	HA peptide	50 mg/kg FW	D’Aoust et al. (2008),  Landry et al. (2010)
Codon optimization	Tobacco	pZP200 with double CaMV-35S promoter	SAG1 protein	1.3 µg/g FW	Laguía-Becher et al. (2010)
3′ and 5′ UTRs	Tobacco/cotton	CaMV-35S promoter with 28nt synthetic 5′UTR	GUS protein	2.7–14,955.0 pmol MU/min/µg protein	Kanoria and Burma (2012)
	Arabidopsis	CaMV-35S promoter with Fluc mRNA attached to 5′UTR	HPR (By2)	23 mg/L	Matsui et al. (2012)
	Tobacco	T7 promoter with attached bacteriphage 5′UTR	Ce16a/aadA	10 % TSP	Yang et al. (2013)
Epigenetic modifications	Tobacco	Tomato leaf curl Java begmovirus vector	βC1/GFP	Silenced expression observed	Kon et al. (2007)
	Tobacco	Binary vector (PVX and TRV vectors)	GFP	Silenced Expression observed	Buchmann et al.    (2009)